问题来源

如何在 matplotlib 中使用中文字体是老问题了，相关文章非常多。
前几天有人问我 如何知道中文字体名称和实际文件的对应关系 时，才想起来原来没思考过这个问题，只能让他记住字体与文件的对应关系或者去 fonts 目录查看。
**难道真的就没有稍微自动化、智能化的查看支持matplotlib 的字体名称与文件的对应关系的方法？ **

问题解决步骤

matplotlib 与字体相关的模块是 font_manager ，观察源码 font_manager.py 可知：

1. matplotlib支持哪种类型的字体？

    def get_fontext_synonyms(fontext):"""Return a list of file extensions extensions that are synonyms forthe given file extension *fileext*."""return {'afm': ['afm'],'otf': ['otf', 'ttc', 'ttf'],'ttc': ['otf', 'ttc', 'ttf'],'ttf': ['otf', 'ttc', 'ttf'],}[fontext]

由此可知 matplotlib 只支持 ttf 和 afm 字体。

• ‘ttf’: TrueType and OpenType fonts (.ttf, .ttc, .otf)
• ‘afm’: Adobe Font Metrics (.afm)

2. matplotlib如何查找系统字体？

findSystemFonts 模块函数的作用是查找系统字体。
def findSystemFonts(fontpaths=None, fontext='ttf'): -->list
参数 fontext 默认值为 'ttf' ，另外还支持值 'afm' 。
参数 fontpaths 默认值是 None 。
对于 fontpaths 有两种种情况。

fontpaths 为 None

函数会判断操作系统，如果是Windows，调用函数 win32InstalledFonts ，如果不是Windows，调用函数 get_fontconfig_fonts 。

对于Windows，函数 win32InstalledFonts 到以下路径查找。

    # OS Font pathsMSFolders = \r'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Shell Folders'MSFontDirectories = [r'SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Fonts',r'SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Fonts']MSUserFontDirectories = [str(Path.home() / 'AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Fonts'),str(Path.home() / 'AppData/Roaming/Microsoft/Windows/Fonts'),]

对于 非Windows 操作系统，函数 get_fontconfig_fonts 主要依托 fontconfig 包（即 fc- list 命令）查找字体，要求 fontconfig>=2.7 。

fontpaths 不为 None

当 fontpaths 不为 None 时，通过 list_fonts() 函数查找字体。
**list_fonts() 函数其实一个通用的按路径、扩展名递归遍历文件路径的函数。 **

    def list_fonts(directory, extensions):"""Return a list of all fonts matching any of the extensions, foundrecursively under the directory."""extensions = ["." + ext for ext in extensions]return [os.path.join(dirpath, filename)# os.walk ignores access errors, unlike Path.glob.for dirpath, _, filenames in os.walk(directory)for filename in filenamesif Path(filename).suffix.lower() in extensions]

3.matplotlib如何查找matplotlib自带字体？

安装 matplotlib 时，会在 site-packages\matplotlib\mpl-data\fonts 目录放置一系列字体。

通过源码可知 fonts 目录下有 'ttf', 'afm', 'pdfcorefonts' 3个子目录。

    paths = [cbook._get_data_path('fonts', subdir)for subdir in ['ttf', 'afm', 'pdfcorefonts']]

    In [1]: import matplotlib.cbook as cbookIn [2]: paths = [cbook._get_data_path('fonts', subdir)  for subdir in ['ttf', 'afm', 'pdfcorefonts']]In [3]: pathsOut[4]:[WindowsPath('c:/users/administrator/appdata/local/programs/python/python37/lib/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf'),WindowsPath('c:/users/administrator/appdata/local/programs/python/python37/lib/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/afm'),WindowsPath('c:/users/administrator/appdata/local/programs/python/python37/lib/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/pdfcorefonts')]

4.matplotlib如何生成字体列表？

FontManager 类是 matplotlib 管理字体的重要类，是一个单例类。 FontManager 实例在构造后会创建一个
ttf 字体列表和一个 afm 字体列表，并会缓存他们的字体属性。
下面简单看看 ttflist 、 afmlist 列表的元素的属性。

    In [1]: import matplotlib.font_manager as mfIn [2]: ttflist=mf.FontManager().ttflistIn [3]: vars(ttflist[0])Out[3]:{'fname': 'c:\\users\\administrator\\appdata\\local\\programs\\python\\python37\\lib\\site-packages\\matplotlib\\mpl-data\\fonts\\ttf\\DejaVuSansMono-BoldOblique.ttf','name': 'DejaVu Sans Mono','style': 'oblique','variant': 'normal','weight': 700,'stretch': 'normal','size': 'scalable'}In [4]: len(ttflist)Out[4]: 252In [5]: afmlist=mf.FontManager().afmlistIn [6]: vars(afmlist[0])Out[6]:{'fname': 'c:\\users\\administrator\\appdata\\local\\programs\\python\\python37\\lib\\site-packages\\matplotlib\\mpl-data\\fonts\\afm\\pagko8a.afm','name': 'ITC Avant Garde Gothic','style': 'italic','variant': 'normal','weight': 'book','stretch': 'normal','size': 'scalable'}In [7]: len(afmlist)Out[7]: 60

5.matplotlib的字体属性缓存在哪里？

前面了解到 matplotlib 会缓存字体属性那在什么位置呢？
根据源码可知，字体缓存的所在目录是 .matplotlib ，缓存文件是 fontlist-v330.json
（文件名与版本有关）。在某些老版本的 matplotlib 中字体缓存文件名是 fontList.cache 。

    _fmcache = os.path.join(mpl.get_cachedir(), 'fontlist-v{}.json'.format(FontManager.__version__))

    In [1]: import matplotlibIn [2]: matplotlib.get_cachedir()Out[2]: 'C:\\Users\\Administrator\\.matplotlib'

6. 怎么知道哪些字体是中文字体？

虽然在前面已经知道 matplotlib 会把系统字体和自带字体信息存放在 ttflist 和 afmlist
中，但是在这些字体信息中也不容易确定哪些是中文字体。
通过资料查找有3种方法：

查看Windows的 fonts 系统目录中显示的字体名称和文件名属性。 这种方法效率太低！

通过注册表项 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Fonts] 查看字体名和字体文件名称映射。这种方法一些系统字体仍然看不到汉字名称。

根据第1种方法想到了去查字体文件的元数据，Python相关的库有两个： fonttools ，作者是老爹Guido的弟弟 Just van Rossum ； TTFQuery ，基于 fonttools 的TTF包，只能查看 TTF 文件而且最后更新日期是2012年。

TTFQery 项目地址 [ https://pypi.org/project/TTFQuery/

](https://pypi.org/project/TTFQuery/)
源码中有些小问题，源码不算复杂，直接修改。

    import sysfrom fontTools.ttLib import TTFontfrom fontTools.ttLib.ttCollection import TTCollectionUNICODE_ENCODINGS = {0: 'Unicode 1.0 semantics',1: 'Unicode 1.1 semantics',2: 'Unicode 1.1 semantics',3: 'Unicode 2.0 and onwards semantics, Unicode BMP only (cmap subtable formats 0, 4, 6).',4: 'Unicode 2.0 and onwards semantics, Unicode full repertoire (cmap subtable formats 0, 4, 6, 10, 12).',5: 'Unicode Variation Sequences (cmap subtable format 14).',6: 'Unicode Variation Sequences (cmap subtable format 14).'}WINDOWS_ENCODINGS = {0: 'Symbol',1: 'Unicode BMP(UCS-2)',2: 'ShiftJIS',3: 'PRC',4: 'Big5',5: 'Wansung',6: 'Johab',7: 'Reserved',8: 'Reserved',9: 'Reserved',10: 'Unicode UCS-4'}WINDOWS_LANGUAGES = {1025: 'Arabic/Saudi Arabia',1026: 'Bulgarian/Bulgaria',1027: 'Catalan/Catalan',1028: 'Chinese/Taiwan',1029: 'Czech/Czech Republic',1030: 'Danish/Denmark',1031: 'German/Germany',1032: 'Greek/Greece',1033: 'English/United States',1034: 'Spanish (Traditional Sort)/Spain',1035: 'Finnish/Finland',1036: 'French/France',1037: 'Hebrew/Israel',1038: 'Hungarian/Hungary',1039: 'Icelandic/Iceland',1040: 'Italian/Italy',1041: 'Japanese/Japan',1042: 'Korean/Korea',1043: 'Dutch/Netherlands',1044: 'Norwegian (Bokmal)/Norway',1045: 'Polish/Poland',1046: 'Portuguese/Brazil',1047: 'Romansh/Switzerland',1048: 'Romanian/Romania',1049: 'Russian/Russia',1050: 'Croatian/Croatia',1051: 'Slovak/Slovakia',1052: 'Albanian/Albania',1053: 'Swedish/Sweden',1054: 'Thai/Thailand',1055: 'Turkish/Turkey',1056: 'Urdu/Islamic Republic of Pakistan',1057: 'Indonesian/Indonesia',1058: 'Ukrainian/Ukraine',1059: 'Belarusian/Belarus',1060: 'Slovenian/Slovenia',1061: 'Estonian/Estonia',1062: 'Latvian/Latvia',1063: 'Lithuanian/Lithuania',1064: 'Tajik (Cyrillic)/Tajikistan',1066: 'Vietnamese/Vietnam',1067: 'Armenian/Armenia',1068: 'Azeri (Latin)/Azerbaijan',1069: 'Basque/Basque',1070: 'Upper Sorbian/Germany',1071: 'Macedonian (FYROM)/Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia',1074: 'Setswana/South Africa',1076: 'isiXhosa/South Africa',1077: 'isiZulu/South Africa',1078: 'Afrikaans/South Africa',1079: 'Georgian/Georgia',1080: 'Faroese/Faroe Islands',1081: 'Hindi/India',1082: 'Maltese/Malta',1083: 'Sami (Northern)/Norway',1086: 'Malay/Malaysia',1087: 'Kazakh/Kazakhstan',1088: 'Kyrgyz/Kyrgyzstan',1089: 'Kiswahili/Kenya',1090: 'Turkmen/Turkmenistan',1091: 'Uzbek (Latin)/Uzbekistan',1092: 'Tatar/Russia',1093: 'Bengali/India',1094: 'Punjabi/India',1095: 'Gujarati/India',1096: 'Odia (formerly Oriya)/India',1097: 'Tamil/India',1098: 'Telugu/India',1099: 'Kannada/India',1100: 'Malayalam/India',1101: 'Assamese/India',1102: 'Marathi/India',1103: 'Sanskrit/India',1104: 'Mongolian (Cyrillic)/Mongolia',1105: 'Tibetan/PRC',1106: 'Welsh/United Kingdom',1107: 'Khmer/Cambodia',1108: 'Lao/Lao P.D.R.',1110: 'Galician/Galician',1111: 'Konkani/India',1114: 'Syriac/Syria',1115: 'Sinhala/Sri Lanka',1117: 'Inuktitut/Canada',1118: 'Amharic/Ethiopia',1121: 'Nepali/Nepal',1122: 'Frisian/Netherlands',1123: 'Pashto/Afghanistan',1124: 'Filipino/Philippines',1125: 'Divehi/Maldives',1128: 'Hausa (Latin)/Nigeria',1130: 'Yoruba/Nigeria',1131: 'Quechua/Bolivia',1132: 'Sesotho sa Leboa/South Africa',1133: 'Bashkir/Russia',1134: 'Luxembourgish/Luxembourg',1135: 'Greenlandic/Greenland',1136: 'Igbo/Nigeria',1144: 'Yi/PRC',1146: 'Mapudungun/Chile',1148: 'Mohawk/Mohawk',1150: 'Breton/France',1152: 'Uighur/PRC',1153: 'Maori/New Zealand',1154: 'Occitan/France',1155: 'Corsican/France',1156: 'Alsatian/France',1157: 'Yakut/Russia',1158: "K'iche/Guatemala",1159: 'Kinyarwanda/Rwanda',1160: 'Wolof/Senegal',1164: 'Dari/Afghanistan',2049: 'Arabic/Iraq',2052: "Chinese/People's Republic of China",2055: 'German/Switzerland',2057: 'English/United Kingdom',2058: 'Spanish/Mexico',2060: 'French/Belgium',2064: 'Italian/Switzerland',2067: 'Dutch/Belgium',2068: 'Norwegian (Nynorsk)/Norway',2070: 'Portuguese/Portugal',2074: 'Serbian (Latin)/Serbia',2077: 'Sweden/Finland',2092: 'Azeri (Cyrillic)/Azerbaijan',2094: 'Lower Sorbian/Germany',2107: 'Sami (Northern)/Sweden',2108: 'Irish/Ireland',2110: 'Malay/Brunei Darussalam',2115: 'Uzbek (Cyrillic)/Uzbekistan',2117: 'Bengali/Bangladesh',2128: "Mongolian (Traditional)/People's Republic of China",2141: 'Inuktitut (Latin)/Canada',2143: 'Tamazight (Latin)/Algeria',2155: 'Quechua/Ecuador',3073: 'Arabic/Egypt',3076: 'Chinese/Hong Kong S.A.R.',3079: 'German/Austria',3081: 'English/Australia',3082: 'Spanish (Modern Sort)/Spain',3084: 'French/Canada',3098: 'Serbian (Cyrillic)/Serbia',3131: 'Sami (Northern)/Finland',3179: 'Quechua/Peru',4097: 'Arabic/Libya',4100: 'Chinese/Singapore',4103: 'German/Luxembourg',4105: 'English/Canada',4106: 'Spanish/Guatemala',4108: 'French/Switzerland',4122: 'Croatian (Latin)/Bosnia and Herzegovina',4155: 'Sami (Lule)/Norway',5121: 'Arabic/Algeria',5124: 'Chinese/Macao S.A.R.',5127: 'German/Liechtenstein',5129: 'English/New Zealand',5130: 'Spanish/Costa Rica',5132: 'French/Luxembourg',5146: 'Bosnian (Latin)/Bosnia and Herzegovina',5179: 'Sami (Lule)/Sweden',6145: 'Arabic/Morocco',6153: 'English/Ireland',6154: 'Spanish/Panama',6156: 'French/Principality of Monaco',6170: 'Serbian (Latin)/Bosnia and Herzegovina',6203: 'Sami (Southern)/Norway',7169: 'Arabic/Tunisia',7177: 'English/South Africa',7178: 'Spanish/Dominican Republic',7194: 'Serbian (Cyrillic)/Bosnia and Herzegovina',7227: 'Sami (Southern)/Sweden',8193: 'Arabic/Oman',8201: 'English/Jamaica',8202: 'Spanish/Venezuela',8218: 'Bosnian (Cyrillic)/Bosnia and Herzegovina',8251: 'Sami (Skolt)/Finland',9217: 'Arabic/Yemen',9225: 'English/Caribbean',9226: 'Spanish/Colombia',9275: 'Sami (Inari)/Finland',10241: 'Arabic/Syria',10249: 'English/Belize',10250: 'Spanish/Peru',11265: 'Arabic/Jordan',11273: 'English/Trinidad and Tobago',11274: 'Spanish/Argentina',12289: 'Arabic/Lebanon',12297: 'English/Zimbabwe',12298: 'Spanish/Ecuador',13313: 'Arabic/Kuwait',13321: 'English/Republic of the Philippines',13322: 'Spanish/Chile',14337: 'Arabic/U.A.E.',14346: 'Spanish/Uruguay',15361: 'Arabic/Bahrain',15370: 'Spanish/Paraguay',16385: 'Arabic/Qatar',16393: 'English/India',16394: 'Spanish/Bolivia',17417: 'English/Malaysia',17418: 'Spanish/El Salvador',18441: 'English/Singapore',18442: 'Spanish/Honduras',19466: 'Spanish/Nicaragua',20490: 'Spanish/Puerto Rico',21514: 'Spanish/United States'}MACINTOSH_ENCODINGS = {0: 'Roman',1: 'Japanese',2: 'Chinese',3: 'Korean',4: 'Arabic',5: 'Hebrew',6: 'Greek',7: 'Russian',8: 'RSymbol',9: 'Devanagari',10: 'Gurmukhi',11: 'Gujarati',12: 'Oriya',13: 'Bengali',14: 'Tamil',15: 'Telugu',16: 'Kannada',17: 'Malayalam',18: 'Sinhalese',19: 'Burmese',20: 'Khmer',21: 'Thai',22: 'Laotian',23: 'Georgian',24: 'Armenian',25: 'Chinese',26: 'Tibetan',27: 'Mongolian',28: 'Geez',29: 'Slavic',30: 'Vietnamese',31: 'Sindhi',32: 'Uninterpreted'}MACINTOSH_LANGUAGES = {0: 'English',1: 'French',2: 'German',3: 'Italian',4: 'Dutch',5: 'Swedish',6: 'Spanish',7: 'Danish',8: 'Portuguese',9: 'Norwegian',10: 'Hebrew',11: 'Japanese',12: 'Arabic',13: 'Finnish',14: 'Inuktitut',15: 'Icelandic',16: 'Maltese',17: 'Turkish',18: 'Croatian',19: 'Chinese (Traditional)',20: 'Urdu',21: 'Hindi',22: 'Thai',23: 'Korean',24: 'Lithuanian',25: 'Polish',26: 'Hungarian',27: 'Estonian',28: 'Latvian',29: 'Sami',30: 'Faroese',31: 'Farsi/Persian',32: 'Russian',33: 'Chinese (Simplified)',34: 'Flemish',35: 'Irish Gaelic',36: 'Albanian',37: 'Romanian',38: 'Czech',39: 'Slovak',40: 'Slovenian',41: 'Yiddish',42: 'Serbian',43: 'Macedonian',44: 'Bulgarian',45: 'Ukrainian',46: 'Byelorussian',47: 'Uzbek',48: 'Kazakh',49: 'Azerbaijani (Cyrillic script)',50: 'Azerbaijani (Arabic script)',51: 'Armenian',52: 'Georgian',53: 'Moldavian',54: 'Kirghiz',55: 'Tajiki',56: 'Turkmen',57: 'Mongolian (Mongolian script)',58: 'Mongolian (Cyrillic script)',59: 'Pashto',60: 'Kurdish',61: 'Kashmiri',62: 'Sindhi',63: 'Tibetan',64: 'Nepali',65: 'Sanskrit',66: 'Marathi',67: 'Bengali',68: 'Assamese',69: 'Gujarati',70: 'Punjabi',71: 'Oriya',72: 'Malayalam',73: 'Kannada',74: 'Tamil',75: 'Telugu',76: 'Sinhalese',77: 'Burmese',78: 'Khmer',79: 'Lao',80: 'Vietnamese',81: 'Indonesian',82: 'Tagalong',83: 'Malay (Roman script)',84: 'Malay (Arabic script)',85: 'Amharic',86: 'Tigrinya',87: 'Galla',88: 'Somali',89: 'Swahili',90: 'Kinyarwanda/Ruanda',91: 'Rundi',92: 'Nyanja/Chewa',93: 'Malagasy',94: 'Esperanto',128: 'Welsh',129: 'Basque',130: 'Catalan',131: 'Latin',132: 'Quenchua',133: 'Guarani',134: 'Aymara',135: 'Tatar',136: 'Uighur',137: 'Dzongkha',138: 'Javanese (Roman script)',139: 'Sundanese (Roman script)',140: 'Galician',141: 'Afrikaans',142: 'Breton',144: 'Scottish Gaelic',145: 'Manx Gaelic',146: 'Irish Gaelic (with dot above)',147: 'Tongan',148: 'Greek (polytonic)',149: 'Greenlandic',150: 'Azerbaijani (Roman script)'}ISO_IDS = {0: '7-bit ASCII',1: 'ISO 10646',2: 'ISO 8859-1'}CUSTOMS = {}PLATFORMS = {0: {'name': 'Unicode','encodings': UNICODE_ENCODINGS,'languages': UNICODE_ENCODINGS},1: {'name': 'Macintosh','encodings': MACINTOSH_ENCODINGS,'languages': MACINTOSH_LANGUAGES},2: {'name': 'ISO [deprecated]','encodings': ISO_IDS,'languages': ISO_IDS},3: {'name': 'Windows','encodings': WINDOWS_ENCODINGS,'languages': WINDOWS_LANGUAGES},4: {'name': 'Custom','encodings': CUSTOMS,'languages': CUSTOMS}}NAME_TABLE = {0: 'Copyright Notice',1: 'Font Family',2: 'SubFamily',3: 'Unique Font Identifier',4: 'Full Font Name',5: 'Version',6: 'PostScript Name',7: 'Trademark',8: 'Manufacturer Name',9: 'Designer',10: 'Description',11: 'Vendor URL',12: 'Designer URL',13: 'License Description',14: 'License Info URL',15: 'Reserved',16: 'Typographic Family',17: 'Typographic SubFamily',18: 'Compatible Full',19: 'Sample Text',20: 'PostScript CID findfont name',21: 'WWS Family Name',22: 'WWS SubFamily Name',23: 'Light Background Pallete',24: 'Dark Background Pallete',25: 'Variations PostScript Name Prefix'}ENCODINGS = {"Roman": 'latin_1'}def parse_meta(font):"""The main meta parsing function. Thanks to Fonttools library."""data = {}for nti in font['name'].names:key = nti.nameIDplatform_data = PLATFORMS[nti.platformID]if platform_data['name'] == 'Custom':encoding = {'id': 0, 'value': 'Custom'}language = {'id': 0, 'value': 'Custom'}else:encoding = {'id': nti.platEncID,'value': platform_data['encodings'].get(nti.platEncID, "Unknown")}language = {'id': nti.langID,'value': platform_data['languages'].get(nti.langID, "Unknown")}name_str = nti.toStr()field = NAME_TABLE.get(nti.nameID, False)if not field:if 26 <= nti.nameID <= 255:field = 'Reserved [{}]'.format(nti.nameID)elif 256 <= nti.nameID:field = 'Font Specific[{}]'.format(nti.nameID)data[key] = {"field": field,"value": name_str,"encoding": encoding,"language": language}return datadef get_font_name(data, language=None):language_name = data.get(4).get('language').get('value')font_full_name = data.get(4).get('value')if language is None:return font_full_nameelse:if language in language_name:return font_full_nameif __name__ == '__main__':from pathlib import Pathimport matplotlib.font_manager as fmttflist=fm.FontManager().ttflistfor f in ttflist:if Path(f.fname).suffix.lower()=='.ttf':# 输出字体元数据中语言包含有中文的TTF字体data = parse_meta(TTFont(f.fname))out_ttf = get_font_name(data,'Chinese')if out_ttf:print(f.fname,f.name,out_ttf)elif Path(f.fname).suffix.lower()=='.ttc':# 输出所有TTC字体中包含的字体名称信息ttc = TTCollection(f.fname)for ttf in ttc:ttc_data = parse_meta(ttf)out_ttc = get_font_name(ttc_data,'Chinese')if out_ttc:print(f.fname,f.name,out_ttc)

ttc 文件很特殊，它是多个 ttf 文件集合，常用字体 宋体 、 微软雅黑 等在Windows10中都是 ttc
文件，而且奇怪的是很多语言信息不是中文的ttc字体也可以显示中文。

​```python![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210608151750993.gif)