一、@Async注解
@Async的作用就是异步处理任务。
- 在方法上添加@Async,表示此方法是异步方法;
- 在类上添加@Async,表示类中的所有方法都是异步方法;
- 使用此注解的类,必须是Spring管理的类;
- 需要在启动类或配置类中加入@EnableAsync注解,@Async才会生效;
在使用@Async时,如果不指定线程池的名称,也就是不自定义线程池,@Async是有默认线程池的,使用的是Spring默认的线程池SimpleAsyncTaskExecutor。
默认线程池的默认配置如下:
- 默认核心线程数:8;
- 最大线程数:Integet.MAX_VALUE;
- 队列使用LinkedBlockingQueue;
- 容量是:Integet.MAX_VALUE;
- 空闲线程保留时间:60s;
- 线程池拒绝策略:AbortPolicy;
从最大线程数可以看出,在并发情况下,会无限制的创建线程。
也可以通过yml重新配置:
spring:task:execution:pool:max-size: 10core-size: 5keep-alive: 3squeue-capacity: 1000thread-name-prefix: my-executor
也可以自定义线程池,下面通过简单的代码来实现以下@Async自定义线程池。
二、代码实例
Spring为任务调度与异步方法执行提供了注解@Async支持,通过在方法上标注@Async注解,可使得方法被异步调用。在需要异步执行的方法上加入@Async注解,并指定使用的线程池,当然可以不指定,直接写@Async。
<dependency><groupId>com.google.guava</groupId><artifactId>guava</artifactId><version>31.0.1-jre</version>
</dependency>
2、配置类
package com.jack.config;import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ThreadFactoryBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.EnableAsync;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor;import java.util.concurrent.*;@EnableAsync// 支持异步操作
@Configuration
public class AsyncTaskConfig {/*** com.google.guava中的线程池* @return*/@Bean("my-executor")public Executor firstExecutor() {ThreadFactory threadFactory = new ThreadFactoryBuilder().setNameFormat("my-executor").build();// 获取CPU的处理器数量int curSystemThreads = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() * 2;ThreadPoolExecutor threadPool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(curSystemThreads, 100,200, TimeUnit.SECONDS,new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(), threadFactory);threadPool.allowsCoreThreadTimeOut();return threadPool;}/*** Spring线程池* @return*/@Bean("async-executor")public Executor asyncExecutor() {ThreadPoolTaskExecutor taskExecutor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();// 核心线程数taskExecutor.setCorePoolSize(10);// 线程池维护线程的最大数量,只有在缓冲队列满了之后才会申请超过核心线程数的线程taskExecutor.setMaxPoolSize(100);// 缓存队列taskExecutor.setQueueCapacity(50);// 空闲时间,当超过了核心线程数之外的线程在空闲时间到达之后会被销毁taskExecutor.setKeepAliveSeconds(200);// 异步方法内部线程名称taskExecutor.setThreadNamePrefix("async-executor-");/*** 当线程池的任务缓存队列已满并且线程池中的线程数目达到maximumPoolSize,如果还有任务到来就会采取任务拒绝策略* 通常有以下四种策略:* ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy:丢弃任务并抛出RejectedExecutionException异常。* ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy:也是丢弃任务,但是不抛出异常。* ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy:丢弃队列最前面的任务,然后重新尝试执行任务(重复此过程)* ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy:重试添加当前的任务,自动重复调用 execute() 方法,直到成功*/taskExecutor.setRejectedExecutionHandler(new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy());taskExecutor.initialize();return taskExecutor;}
}
3、controller
package com.jack.controller;import com.nezha.service.UserService;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Async;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestController
@RequestMapping("/test")
public class UserController {private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserController.class);@Autowiredprivate UserService userService;@GetMapping("asyncTest")public void asyncTest() {logger.info("杰克真帅");userService.asyncTest();asyncTest2();logger.info("杰克编程,每日更新Java干货");}@Async("my-executor")public void asyncTest2() {logger.info("同文件内执行执行异步任务");}
}
4、service
package com.nezha.service;public interface UserService {// 普通方法void test();// 异步方法void asyncTest();
}
service实现类
package com.jack.service;import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Async;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserServiceImpl.class);@Overridepublic void test() {logger.info("执行普通任务");}@Async("my-executor")@Overridepublic void asyncTest() {logger.info("执行异步任务");}
}
三、发现同文件内执行异步任务,还是一个线程,没有实现@Async效果,为什么?
查到了@Async失效的几个原因:
- 注解@Async的方法不是public方法;
- 注解@Async的返回值只能为void或Future;
- 注解@Async方法使用static修饰也会失效;
- 没加@EnableAsync注解;
- 调用方和@Async不能在一个类中;
- 在Async方法上标注@Transactional是没用的,但在Async方法调用的方法上标注@Transcational是有效的;
这里就不一一演示了,有兴趣的小伙伴可以研究一下。
四、配置中分别使用了ThreadPoolTaskExecutor和ThreadPoolExecutor,这两个有啥区别?
ThreadPoolTaskExecutor是spring core包中的,而ThreadPoolExecutor是JDK中的JUC。ThreadPoolTaskExecutor是对ThreadPoolExecutor进行了封装。
1、initialize()
查看一下ThreadPoolTaskExecutor 的 initialize()方法
public abstract class ExecutorConfigurationSupport extends CustomizableThreadFactoryimplements BeanNameAware, InitializingBean, DisposableBean {.../*** Set up the ExecutorService.*/public void initialize() {if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {logger.info("Initializing ExecutorService" + (this.beanName != null ? " '" + this.beanName + "'" : ""));}if (!this.threadNamePrefixSet && this.beanName != null) {setThreadNamePrefix(this.beanName + "-");}this.executor = initializeExecutor(this.threadFactory, this.rejectedExecutionHandler);}/*** Create the target {@link java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService} instance.* Called by {@code afterPropertiesSet}.* @param threadFactory the ThreadFactory to use* @param rejectedExecutionHandler the RejectedExecutionHandler to use* @return a new ExecutorService instance* @see #afterPropertiesSet()*/protected abstract ExecutorService initializeExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory, RejectedExecutionHandler rejectedExecutionHandler);...
}
2、initializeExecutor抽象方法
再查看一下initializeExecutor抽象方法的具体实现类,其中有一个就是ThreadPoolTaskExecutor类,查看它的initializeExecutor方法,使用的就是ThreadPoolExecutor。
public class ThreadPoolTaskExecutor extends ExecutorConfigurationSupportimplements AsyncListenableTaskExecutor, SchedulingTaskExecutor {...@Overrideprotected ExecutorService initializeExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory, RejectedExecutionHandler rejectedExecutionHandler) {BlockingQueue<Runnable> queue = createQueue(this.queueCapacity);ThreadPoolExecutor executor;if (this.taskDecorator != null) {executor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(this.corePoolSize, this.maxPoolSize, this.keepAliveSeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS,queue, threadFactory, rejectedExecutionHandler) {@Overridepublic void execute(Runnable command) {Runnable decorated = taskDecorator.decorate(command);if (decorated != command) {decoratedTaskMap.put(decorated, command);}super.execute(decorated);}};}else {executor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(this.corePoolSize, this.maxPoolSize, this.keepAliveSeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS,queue, threadFactory, rejectedExecutionHandler);}if (this.allowCoreThreadTimeOut) {executor.allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true);}this.threadPoolExecutor = executor;return executor;}...}
因此可以了解到ThreadPoolTaskExecutor是对ThreadPoolExecutor进行了封装。
五、核心线程数
配置文件中的线程池核心线程数为何配置为
// 获取CPU的处理器数量
int curSystemThreads = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() * 2;
Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()获取的是CPU核心线程数,也就是计算资源。
- CPU密集型,线程池大小设置为N,也就是和cpu的线程数相同,可以尽可能地避免线程间上下文切换,但在实际开发中,一般会设置为N+1,为了防止意外情况出现线程阻塞,如果出现阻塞,多出来的线程会继续执行任务,保证CPU的利用效率。
- IO密集型,线程池大小设置为2N,这个数是根据业务压测出来的,如果不涉及业务就使用推荐。
在实际中,需要对具体的线程池大小进行调整,可以通过压测及机器设备现状,进行调整大小。
如果线程池太大,则会造成CPU不断的切换,对整个系统性能也不会有太大的提升,反而会导致系统缓慢。
六、线程池执行过程
最后
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