数据库管理系统的一个最重要的功能就是数据查询,数据查询不应只是简单查询数据库中存储的数据,还应该根据需要对数据进行筛选,以及确定数据以什么样的格式显示。MySQL提供了功能强大、灵活的语句来实现这些操作。
下面是通过help帮助查看到的select语法格式
Name: 'SELECT'
Description:
Syntax:
SELECTselect_expr [, select_expr] ...[FROM table_references][WHERE where_condition][GROUP BY {col_name | expr | position}[ASC | DESC], ... [WITH ROLLUP]][HAVING where_condition][ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position}[ASC | DESC], ...][LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]
基本查询
mysql从数据表中查询数据的基本语句为select语句。
select语句的基本格式如下:
SELECT {* | <字段列表>} [ FROM <表1>, <表2>.... [ where <表达式> ] [ group by ] [ having ] [ order by<..> ] [ limit <...> ]
{*|<字段列表>}包含星号通配符选择字段列表,表示查询的字段,其中字段列至少包含一个字段名称,如果要查询多个字段,多个字段之间用逗号隔开,最后一个字段后不要加逗号。
FROM<表1>,<表2>...:表1和表2表示查询数据的来源,可以是单个或多个。
WHERE子句是可选项,如果选择该项,将限定查询必须满足的查询条件。
GROUP BY<字段>,该子句告诉MySQL按什么样的顺序显示查询出来的数据,可以进行的排序有:升序(asc)、降序(desc)。
[limit],该子句告诉mysql每次显示查询出来的数据条款。
mysql> create table fruits -> (-> f_id char(10) not null,-> s_id int not null,-> f_name char(255) not null,-> f_price decimal(8,2) not null,-> primary key(f_id)-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into fruits(f_id,s_id,f_name,f_price)-> values('a1',101,'apple','5.2'),-> ('b1',101,'blackberry','10.2'),-> ('bs1',102,'orange','11.2'),-> ('bs2',105,'melon','8.2'),-> ('t1',102,'banana','10.3'),-> ('t2',102,'grape','5.3'),-> ('o2',103,'coconut','9.2'),-> ('c0',101,'cherry','3.2'),-> ('a2',103,'apricot','2.2'),-> ('l2',104,'lemon','6.4'),-> ('b2',104,'berry','7.6'),-> ('m1',106,'mango','15.7'),-> ('m2',105,'xbabay','2.6'),-> ('t4',107,'xbababa','3.6'),-> ('m3',105,'xxtt','11.6'),-> ('b5',107,'xxxx','3.6');
Query OK, 16 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 16 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
单表查询
单表查询是指从一张表数据中查询所需的数据。主要有:查询所有字段、查询指定字段、查询指定记录、查询空值、多条件的查询、对查询结果进行排序等方式。
查询所有字段
1、在select语句中使用星号()通配符查询所有字段。 select查询记录最简单的形式是从一个表中检索所有记录,实现的方法是使用星号()通配符指定查找所有列的名称。
mysql> select * from fruits;
+------+------+------------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+------------+---------+
| a1 | 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| a2 | 103 | apricot | 2.20 |
| b1 | 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| b2 | 104 | berry | 7.60 |
| b5 | 107 | xxxx | 3.60 |
| bs1 | 102 | orange | 11.20 |
| bs2 | 105 | melon | 8.20 |
| c0 | 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| l2 | 104 | lemon | 6.40 |
| m1 | 106 | mango | 15.70 |
| m2 | 105 | xbabay | 2.60 |
| m3 | 105 | xxtt | 11.60 |
| o2 | 103 | coconut | 9.20 |
| t1 | 102 | banana | 10.30 |
| t2 | 102 | grape | 5.30 |
| t4 | 107 | xbababa | 3.60 |
+------+------+------------+---------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2、在select语句中指定所有字段 根据前面select语句的格式,select关键字后面的字段名为将要查询的数据,因此可以将表中所有字段的名称跟在select子句后面,如果忘记了字段名称,可以使用DESC命令查看表的结构。有时候,由于表中的字段多,不一定能记住所有的字段名称。因此很不方便,不建议使用。
语法格式:
mysql> select f_id,s_id,f_name,f_price from fruits;
+------+------+------------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+------------+---------+
| a1 | 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| a2 | 103 | apricot | 2.20 |
| b1 | 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| b2 | 104 | berry | 7.60 |
| b5 | 107 | xxxx | 3.60 |
| bs1 | 102 | orange | 11.20 |
| bs2 | 105 | melon | 8.20 |
| c0 | 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| l2 | 104 | lemon | 6.40 |
| m1 | 106 | mango | 15.70 |
| m2 | 105 | xbabay | 2.60 |
| m3 | 105 | xxtt | 11.60 |
| o2 | 103 | coconut | 9.20 |
| t1 | 102 | banana | 10.30 |
| t2 | 102 | grape | 5.30 |
| t4 | 107 | xbababa | 3.60 |
+------+------+------------+---------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询指定字段
语法格式:
select 字段名 from 表名;
mysql> select f_name from fruits;
+------------+
| f_name |
+------------+
| apple |
| apricot |
| blackberry |
| berry |
| xxxx |
| orange |
| melon |
| cherry |
| lemon |
| mango |
| xbabay |
| xxtt |
| coconut |
| banana |
| grape |
| xbababa |
+------------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询多个字段 使用select声明,可以获取多个字段下的数据,只需要在关键字select后面指定要查询的字段的名称,不同字段名称之间用逗号分隔,最后一个字段后面不需要加逗号
语法格式:
select 字段1,字段2,字段3 ....,字段n from 表名;
mysql> select f_name,f_price from fruits;
+------------+---------+
| f_name | f_price |
+------------+---------+
| apple | 5.20 |
| apricot | 2.20 |
| blackberry | 10.20 |
| berry | 7.60 |
| xxxx | 3.60 |
| orange | 11.20 |
| melon | 8.20 |
| cherry | 3.20 |
| lemon | 6.40 |
| mango | 15.70 |
| xbabay | 2.60 |
| xxtt | 11.60 |
| coconut | 9.20 |
| banana | 10.30 |
| grape | 5.30 |
| xbababa | 3.60 |
+------------+---------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询指定记录
数据库中包含大量的数据,根据特殊要求可能只需要查询表中的指定数据,相当于对数据的过滤。在select语句中,通过where子句可以对数据进行过滤。
语法格式:
select 字段1,字段2....字段n from 表名 where 查询条件;
操作符 | 说明 |
= | 相等 |
<>,!= | 不相等 |
< | 小于 |
<= | 小于等于 |
> | 大于 |
>= | 大于等于 |
BETWEEN | 位于两端之间 |
mysql> select f_name,f_price from fruits where f_price = 10.2;
+------------+---------+
| f_name | f_price |
+------------+---------+
| blackberry | 10.20 |
+------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
带in关键字的查询
in操作符用来查询满足指定范围内的条件的记录,使用IN操作符,将所有检索条件用括号括起来,检索条件之间用逗号分隔开,只要满足条件范围内的一个值即为匹配项。
mysql> select s_id,f_name,f_price -> from fruits-> where s_id in (101,102)-> order by f_name;
+------+------------+---------+
| s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------------+---------+
| 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| 102 | banana | 10.30 |
| 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| 102 | grape | 5.30 |
| 102 | orange | 11.20 |
+------+------------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
带between and的范围查询
Between and用来查询某个范围内的值,该操作符需要两个参数,即范围的开始值和结束值,如果字段值满足指定的范围查询条件,则这些记录被返回。
mysql> select f_name,f_price-> from fruits-> where f_price between 2.00 and 10.20;
+------------+---------+
| f_name | f_price |
+------------+---------+
| apple | 5.20 |
| apricot | 2.20 |
| blackberry | 10.20 |
| berry | 7.60 |
| xxxx | 3.60 |
| melon | 8.20 |
| cherry | 3.20 |
| lemon | 6.40 |
| xbabay | 2.60 |
| coconut | 9.20 |
| grape | 5.30 |
| xbababa | 3.60 |
+------------+---------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
带like的字符匹配查询
通配符是一种在SQL的where条件子句中拥有特殊意思的字符,SQL语句中支持多种通配符,可以和like一起使用的通配符有‘%’和‘_’。
百分号(%)通配符,匹配任意长度的字符,甚至包括零字符
mysql> select f_id,f_name-> from fruits-> where f_name like 'b%';
+------+------------+
| f_id | f_name |
+------+------------+
| b1 | blackberry |
| b2 | berry |
| t1 | banana |
+------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
下划线(__)通配符,一次只能匹配任意一个字符
mysql> select f_id,f_name-> from fruits-> where f_name like '____y';
+------+--------+
| f_id | f_name |
+------+--------+
| b2 | berry |
+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查询空值
数据表创建的时候,设计者可以指定某列中是否可以包含空值(NULL)。空值不同于0,也不同于空字符串。空值一般表示数据未知、不适用或将在以后添加数据。
创建customers表并插入数据
mysql> create table customers-> (-> c_id int not null auto_increment,-> c_name char(50) not null,-> c_address char(50) null,-> c_city char(50) null,-> c_zip char(50) null,-> c_contact char(50) null,-> c_email char(50) null,-> primary key(c_id)-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> insert into customers(c_id,c_name,c_address,c_city,c_zip,c_contact,c_email)-> values(10001,'RedHook','200Street','Tianjin','300000','LiMing','LMing@163.com'),-> (10002,'Stars','333 FromageLane','Dalian','116000','Zhangbo','Jerry@hotmail.com'),-> (10003,'Netbhood','1 Sunny Place','Qingdao','266000','LuoCong',NULL),-> (10004,'JOTO','829 Riverside Drive', 'Haikou','570000','YangShan','sam@hotmail.com');
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
在select语句中使用IS NULL子句,可以查询某字段内容为空的记录。
mysql> select c_id,c_name,c_email from customers where c_email is null;
+-------+----------+---------+
| c_id | c_name | c_email |
+-------+----------+---------+
| 10003 | Netbhood | NULL |
+-------+----------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
带and的多条件查询
使用select查询时,可以增加查询的限制条件,这样可以使查询的结果更加精确。MySQL在where子句中使用and操作符限定只有满足所有查询条件的记录才会被返回。可以使用and连接两个甚至多个查询条件,多个条件表达式之间用and分开。
mysql> select f_id,f_price,f_name-> from fruits-> where s_id = '101' and f_price >=5;
+------+---------+------------+
| f_id | f_price | f_name |
+------+---------+------------+
| a1 | 5.20 | apple |
| b1 | 10.20 | blackberry |
+------+---------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
带or的多条件查询
与and相反,在where声明中使用or操作符,表示只需要满足其中一个条件的记录即可返回。or也可以连接两个甚至多个查询条件,多个条件表达式之间用or分开。
mysql> select s_id,f_name,f_price-> from fruits-> where s_id =101 or s_id =102;
+------+------------+---------+
| s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------------+---------+
| 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| 102 | orange | 11.20 |
| 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| 102 | banana | 10.30 |
| 102 | grape | 5.30 |
+------+------------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询结果不重复
语法格式:select distinct 列名 from 表名;
现在查看fruits表s_id列可以看到很多重复的行
mysql> select s_id from fruits;
+------+
| s_id |
+------+
| 101 |
| 103 |
| 101 |
| 104 |
| 107 |
| 102 |
| 105 |
| 101 |
| 104 |
| 106 |
| 105 |
| 105 |
| 103 |
| 102 |
| 102 |
| 107 |
+------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
添加关键字再次查看s_id列
mysql> select distinct s_id from fruits;
+------+
| s_id |
+------+
| 101 |
| 103 |
| 104 |
| 107 |
| 102 |
| 105 |
| 106 |
+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
对查询结果排序
1、单列排序
mysql> select f_name from fruits;
+------------+
| f_name |
+------------+
| apple |
| apricot |
| blackberry |
| berry |
| xxxx |
| orange |
| melon |
| cherry |
| lemon |
| mango |
| xbabay |
| xxtt |
| coconut |
| banana |
| grape |
| xbababa |
+------------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select f_name from fruits order by f_name;
+------------+
| f_name |
+------------+
| apple |
| apricot |
| banana |
| berry |
| blackberry |
| cherry |
| coconut |
| grape |
| lemon |
| mango |
| melon |
| orange |
| xbababa |
| xbabay |
| xxtt |
| xxxx |
+------------+
16 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2、多列排序
在多列进行排序的时候,首先排序的第一列必须有相同的列值,才会对第二列进行排序。如果第一列数据中所有值都是唯一的,将不再对第二列进行排序。
mysql> select f_name,f_price from fruits order by f_name,f_price;
+------------+---------+
| f_name | f_price |
+------------+---------+
| apple | 5.20 |
| apricot | 2.20 |
| banana | 10.30 |
| berry | 7.60 |
| blackberry | 10.20 |
| cherry | 3.20 |
| coconut | 9.20 |
| grape | 5.30 |
| lemon | 6.40 |
| mango | 15.70 |
| melon | 8.20 |
| orange | 11.20 |
| xbababa | 3.60 |
| xbabay | 2.60 |
| xxtt | 11.60 |
| xxxx | 3.60 |
+------------+---------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3、指定排序方向
默认情况下,查询数据按字母升序进行排序(从A~Z),但数据的排序并不仅限于此,还可以使用order by对查询结果进行降序排序(从Z~A),这可以通过关键字DESC实现。
mysql> select f_name,f_price from fruits order by f_name,f_price DESC;
+------------+---------+
| f_name | f_price |
+------------+---------+
| apple | 5.20 |
| apricot | 2.20 |
| banana | 10.30 |
| berry | 7.60 |
| blackberry | 10.20 |
| cherry | 3.20 |
| coconut | 9.20 |
| grape | 5.30 |
| lemon | 6.40 |
| mango | 15.70 |
| melon | 8.20 |
| orange | 11.20 |
| xbababa | 3.60 |
| xbabay | 2.60 |
| xxtt | 11.60 |
| xxxx | 3.60 |
+------------+---------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注:与DESC相反ASC是升序
分组查询
分组插叙是对数据按照某个或多个字段进行分组,MySQL中使用group by关键字对数据进行分组
基本语法形式为:group by 字段 1、创建分组Group by 关键字通常和集合函数一起使用。
函数 | 说明 |
AVG | 求平均值 |
COUNT | 统计行的数量 |
MAX | 求最大值 |
MIN | 求最小值 |
SUM | 求累加和 |
1、根据s_id对fruits表中的数据进行分组
mysql> select s_id,count(*) as total from fruits group by s_id;
+------+-------+
| s_id | total |
+------+-------+
| 101 | 3 |
| 102 | 3 |
| 103 | 2 |
| 104 | 2 |
| 105 | 3 |
| 106 | 1 |
| 107 | 2 |
+------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
根据s_id对fruits表中的数据进行分组,将每个供应商的水果名称显示出来
mysql> select s_id,group_concat(f_name) as name from fruits group by s_id;
+------+-------------------------+
| s_id | name |
+------+-------------------------+
| 101 | apple,blackberry,cherry |
| 102 | orange,banana,grape |
| 103 | apricot,coconut |
| 104 | berry,lemon |
| 105 | melon,xbabay,xxtt |
| 106 | mango |
| 107 | xxxx,xbababa |
+------+-------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2、使用having过滤分组
根据s_id对fruits表中的数据进行分组,并显示水果种类大于1的分组信息
mysql> select s_id,group_concat(f_name) as name from fruits group by s_id having count(f_name) > 1;
+------+-------------------------+
| s_id | name |
+------+-------------------------+
| 101 | apple,blackberry,cherry |
| 102 | orange,banana,grape |
| 103 | apricot,coconut |
| 104 | berry,lemon |
| 105 | melon,xbabay,xxtt |
| 107 | xxxx,xbababa |
+------+-------------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3、在group by 子句中使用with rollup 使用with rollup关键字之后,在所有查询出的分组记录之后增加一条记录,该记录计算查询出的所有记录的总和,即统计记录数量。
mysql> select s_id,count(*) as total-> from fruits-> group by s_id with rollup;
+------+-------+
| s_id | total |
+------+-------+
| 101 | 3 |
| 102 | 3 |
| 103 | 2 |
| 104 | 2 |
| 105 | 3 |
| 106 | 1 |
| 107 | 2 |
| NULL | 16 |
+------+-------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4、多字段分组 使用group by可以对多个字段进行分组,group by关键字后面跟需要分组的字段,MySQL根据多字段的值来进行层次分组,分组层次从左到右,即先按第1个字段分组,然后在第1个字段值相同的记录中,再根据第2个字段的值进行分组,以此类推。
mysql> select * from fruits group by f_id,f_name;
+------+------+------------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+------------+---------+
| a1 | 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| a2 | 103 | apricot | 2.20 |
| b1 | 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| b2 | 104 | berry | 7.60 |
| b5 | 107 | xxxx | 3.60 |
| bs1 | 102 | orange | 11.20 |
| bs2 | 105 | melon | 8.20 |
| c0 | 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| l2 | 104 | lemon | 6.40 |
| m1 | 106 | mango | 15.70 |
| m2 | 105 | xbabay | 2.60 |
| m3 | 105 | xxtt | 11.60 |
| o2 | 103 | coconut | 9.20 |
| t1 | 102 | banana | 10.30 |
| t2 | 102 | grape | 5.30 |
| t4 | 107 | xbababa | 3.60 |
+------+------+------------+---------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5、group by和order by一起使用 某些情况下需要对分组进行排序
mysql> create table orderitems-> (-> o_num int not null,-> o_item int not null,-> f_id char(10) not null,-> quantity int not null,-> item_price decimal(8,2) not null,-> primary key(o_num,o_item)-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> insert into orderitems(o_num,o_item,f_id,quantity,item_price)-> values(30001,1,'a1',10,'5.2'),-> (30001,2,'b2',3,'7.6'),-> (30001,3,'bs1',5,'11.2'),-> (30001,4,'bs2',15,'9.2'),-> (30002,1,'b3',2,'20.0'),-> (30003,1,'c0',100,10),-> (30004,1,'o2',50,'2.50'),-> (30005,1,'c0',5,'10'),-> (30005,2,'b1',10,'8.99'),-> (30005,3,'a2',10,'2.2'),-> (30005,4,'m1',5,'14.99');
Query OK, 11 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 11 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
查询价格大于100的订单号和总价订单价格
mysql> select o_num,sum(quantity*item_price) as ordertotal-> from orderitems-> group by o_num-> having sum(quantity*item_price) >= 100;
+-------+------------+
| o_num | ordertotal |
+-------+------------+
| 30001 | 268.80 |
| 30003 | 1000.00 |
| 30004 | 125.00 |
| 30005 | 236.85 |
+-------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用limit限查询结果的数量
select返回所有匹配的行,有可能是表中所有的行,如仅仅需要返回第一行或者前几行,使用limit关键字,语法格式如下:limit [位置偏移量] 行数
mysql> select * from fruits limit 4;
+------+------+------------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+------------+---------+
| a1 | 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| a2 | 103 | apricot | 2.20 |
| b1 | 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| b2 | 104 | berry | 7.60 |
+------+------+------------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查看从第四行开始,到第三行结束(前面的4为第几行,后面的3为数量)
mysql> select * from fruits limit 4,3;
+------+------+--------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+--------+---------+
| b5 | 107 | xxxx | 3.60 |
| bs1 | 102 | orange | 11.20 |
| bs2 | 105 | melon | 8.20 |
+------+------+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
聚合函数查询
函数 | 作用 |
AVG() | 返回某列的平均值 |
COUNT() | 返回某列的行数 |
MAX() | 返回某列的最大值 |
MIN() | 返回某列的最小值 |
SUM() | 返回某列的和 |
count()函数
Count()函数统计数据表中包含的记录行的总数,或者根据查询结果返回列中包含的数据行数。 Count(*)计算表中总的函数,不管某列有数列或者为空值 Count(字段名)计算指定列下总的行数,计算时将忽略空值的行
mysql> select count(*) from customers;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 4 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select count(c_email) from customers;
+----------------+
| count(c_email) |
+----------------+
| 3 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select o_num,count(f_id) from orderitems group by o_num;
+-------+-------------+
| o_num | count(f_id) |
+-------+-------------+
| 30001 | 4 |
| 30002 | 1 |
| 30003 | 1 |
| 30004 | 1 |
| 30005 | 4 |
+-------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
sum()函数
sum()是一个求总和的函数,返回指定列值得总和。
mysql> select sum(quantity) from orderitems where o_num = 30005;
+---------------+
| sum(quantity) |
+---------------+
| 30 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select o_num,sum(quantity)-> from orderitems-> group by o_num;
+-------+---------------+
| o_num | sum(quantity) |
+-------+---------------+
| 30001 | 33 |
| 30002 | 2 |
| 30003 | 100 |
| 30004 | 50 |
| 30005 | 30 |
+-------+---------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
注意:sum()函数在计算时,忽略列值为NULL的行。
avg()函数
avg()函数通过计算返回的行数和每一行数据的和,求得指定列数据的平均值。
mysql> select avg(f_price)-> from fruits-> where s_id=103;
+--------------+
| avg(f_price) |
+--------------+
| 5.700000 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> select s_id,avg(f_price)-> from fruits-> group by s_id;
+------+--------------+
| s_id | avg(f_price) |
+------+--------------+
| 101 | 6.200000 |
| 102 | 8.933333 |
| 103 | 5.700000 |
| 104 | 7.000000 |
| 105 | 7.466667 |
| 106 | 15.700000 |
| 107 | 3.600000 |
+------+--------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
max()函数
max()返回指定列中的最大值
mysql> select max(f_price) from fruits;
+--------------+
| max(f_price) |
+--------------+
| 15.70 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select s_id,max(f_price) -> from fruits-> group by s_id;
+------+--------------+
| s_id | max(f_price) |
+------+--------------+
| 101 | 10.20 |
| 102 | 11.20 |
| 103 | 9.20 |
| 104 | 7.60 |
| 105 | 11.60 |
| 106 | 15.70 |
| 107 | 3.60 |
+------+--------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
min()函数
min()返回查询列中的最小值
mysql> select min(f_price) from fruits;
+--------------+
| min(f_price) |
+--------------+
| 2.20 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select s_id,min(f_price) from fruits group by s_id;
+------+--------------+
| s_id | min(f_price) |
+------+--------------+
| 101 | 3.20 |
| 102 | 5.30 |
| 103 | 2.20 |
| 104 | 6.40 |
| 105 | 2.60 |
| 106 | 15.70 |
| 107 | 3.60 |
+------+--------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
连接查询
连接是关系数据库模型的主要特点。连接查询是关系数据库中最主要的查询,主要包括内连接、外连接。通过连接运算符可以实现多个表查询。在关系数据库管理系统中,表建立时各数据之间的关系不必确定,常把一个实体的所有信息存放在一个表中。当查询数据时,通过连接操作查询出存放在多个表中的不同实体的信息。当两个或多个表现中存在相同意义的字段时,便可以通过这些字段对不同的表进行连接查询。
内连接查询
内连接(inner join)使用比较运算符进行表间某些列数据的比较操作,并列出这些表中与连接条件相匹配的数据行,组合成新纪录,也就是说,在内连接查询中,只有满足条件的记录才能出现在结果关系中。
创建表并插入数据
mysql> create table suppliers-> (-> s_id int not null auto_increment,-> s_name char(50) not null,-> s_city char(50) null,-> s_zip char(10) null,-> s_call char(50) not null,-> primary key(s_id) -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into suppliers(s_id,s_name,s_city,s_zip,s_call)-> values(101,'FastFruit Inc.','tianjin','300000','48075'),-> (102,'LT Supplies','chongqing','400000','44333'),-> (103,'acme','shanghai','200000','90046'),-> (104,'fnk inc.','zhongshan','528437','11111'),-> (105,'good set','taiyuang','030000','22222'),-> (106,'just eat ours','beijing','010','45678'),-> (107,'dk inc.','zhengzhou','450000','33332');
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 7 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> select suppliers.s_id,s_name,f_name,f_price-> from fruits,suppliers-> where fruits.s_id = suppliers.s_id;
+------+----------------+------------+---------+
| s_id | s_name | f_name | f_price |
+------+----------------+------------+---------+
| 101 | FastFruit Inc. | apple | 5.20 |
| 103 | acme | apricot | 2.20 |
| 101 | FastFruit Inc. | blackberry | 10.20 |
| 104 | fnk inc. | berry | 7.60 |
| 107 | dk inc. | xxxx | 3.60 |
| 102 | LT Supplies | orange | 11.20 |
| 105 | good set | melon | 8.20 |
| 101 | FastFruit Inc. | cherry | 3.20 |
| 104 | fnk inc. | lemon | 6.40 |
| 106 | just eat ours | mango | 15.70 |
| 105 | good set | xbabay | 2.60 |
| 105 | good set | xxtt | 11.60 |
| 103 | acme | coconut | 9.20 |
| 102 | LT Supplies | banana | 10.30 |
| 102 | LT Supplies | grape | 5.30 |
| 107 | dk inc. | xbababa | 3.60 |
+------+----------------+------------+---------+
16 rows in set (0.04 sec)
如果在一个连接查询中,涉及的两个表都是同一个表,这种查询称为自连接查询。自连接是一种特殊的内连接,它是指相互连接的表在物理上为同一张表,但可以在逻辑上分为两张表。
mysql> select f1.f_id,f1.f_name-> from fruits as f1, fruits as f2-> where f1.s_id = f2.s_id and f2.f_id = 'a1';
+------+------------+
| f_id | f_name |
+------+------------+
| a1 | apple |
| b1 | blackberry |
| c0 | cherry |
+------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
外连接查询
外连接查询将将查询多个表中相关联的行,内连接时,返回查询结果集合中的仅是符合查询条件和连接条件的行。但有时候需要包含没有关联的行中数据,即返回查询结果集合中的不仅包含符合连接条件的行,而且还包含左表(左外连接或左连接)、右表(右外连接或右连接)或两个连接表(全外连接)中的所有数据行。外连接分为左外连接或左连接和右外连接或右连接。
Left join(左连接):返回包括左表中的所有记录和右表中连接字段相等的记录。
Right join(右连接):返回包括右表中的所有记录和左表中连接字段相等的记录。
mysql> create table orders-> (-> o_num int not null auto_increment,-> o_date datetime not null,-> c_id int not null,-> primary key(o_num)-> ) ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into orders(o_num,o_date,c_id)-> values(30001,'2008-09-01',10001),-> (30002,'2008-09-12',10003),-> (30003,'2008-09-30',10004),-> (30004,'2008-10-03',10005),-> (30005,'2008-10-08',10001);
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
1、左连接
mysql> select customers.c_id,orders.o_num-> from customers left outer join orders-> on-> customers.c_id = orders.c_id;
+-------+-------+
| c_id | o_num |
+-------+-------+
| 10001 | 30001 |
| 10003 | 30002 |
| 10004 | 30003 |
| 10001 | 30005 |
| 10002 | NULL |
+-------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2、右连接
mysql> select customers.c_id,orders.o_num-> from customers right outer join orders-> on-> customers.c_id = orders.c_id;
+-------+-------+
| c_id | o_num |
+-------+-------+
| 10001 | 30001 |
| 10003 | 30002 |
| 10004 | 30003 |
| NULL | 30004 |
| 10001 | 30005 |
+-------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
复合条件连接查询
复合条件连接查询是在连接查询的过程中,通过添加过滤条件,限制查询的结果,使查询的结果更加准确。
mysql> select customers.c_id,orders.o_num-> from customers inner join orders-> on-> customers.c_id = orders.c_id and customers.c_id = 10001;
+-------+-------+
| c_id | o_num |
+-------+-------+
| 10001 | 30001 |
| 10001 | 30005 |
+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select suppliers.s_id,s_name,f_name,f_price-> from fruits inner join suppliers-> on-> fruits.s_id = suppliers.s_id-> order by fruits.s_id;
+------+----------------+------------+---------+
| s_id | s_name | f_name | f_price |
+------+----------------+------------+---------+
| 101 | FastFruit Inc. | apple | 5.20 |
| 101 | FastFruit Inc. | blackberry | 10.20 |
| 101 | FastFruit Inc. | cherry | 3.20 |
| 102 | LT Supplies | orange | 11.20 |
| 102 | LT Supplies | banana | 10.30 |
| 102 | LT Supplies | grape | 5.30 |
| 103 | acme | apricot | 2.20 |
| 103 | acme | coconut | 9.20 |
| 104 | fnk inc. | berry | 7.60 |
| 104 | fnk inc. | lemon | 6.40 |
| 105 | good set | melon | 8.20 |
| 105 | good set | xbabay | 2.60 |
| 105 | good set | xxtt | 11.60 |
| 106 | just eat ours | mango | 15.70 |
| 107 | dk inc. | xxxx | 3.60 |
| 107 | dk inc. | xbababa | 3.60 |
+------+----------------+------------+---------+
16 rows in set (0.01 sec)
子查询
子查询指一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句内部的查询,这个特性从mysql4.1开始引入。在select子句中先计算子查询,子查询结果作为外层另一个查询的过滤条件,查询可以基于一个表或者多个表。
子查询中常用的操作符有any(some)、all、in、exists。子查询可以添加到select、update和delete语句中,而且可以进行多层嵌套。子查询中也可以使用比较运算符,如“<”,“<=”,“>”,“>=”和“!=”等。
带any、some关键字的子查询
any和some关键字是同义词,表示满足其中任一条件,它们允许创建一个表达式对子查询的返回值列进行比较,只要满足内层子查询中的任何一个比较条件,就返回一个结果作为外层查询的条件。
创建两个表并插入数据
mysql> create table tb1(num1 int not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> create table tb2(num2 int not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into tb1 values(1),(5),(13),(27);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> insert into tb2 values(6),(14),(11),(20);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
查看满足条件的行
mysql> select num1 from tb1 where num1 > any (select num2 from tb2);
+------+
| num1 |
+------+
| 13 |
| 27 |
+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
带all关键字的子查询
all关键字与any和some不同,使用all时需要同时满足所有内层查询的条件。
mysql> select num1 from tb1 where num1 > all (select num2 from tb2);
+------+
| num1 |
+------+
| 27 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
带exists关键字的子查询
exists关键字后面的参数是一个任意的子查询,系统对子查询进行运算以判断它是否返回行,如果至少返回一行,那么exists的结果为true,此时外层查询语句将进行查询;如果子查询没有返回任何行,那么exists返回的结果是false,此时外层语句将不进行查询。
mysql> select * from fruits where exists (select s_name from suppliers where s_id = 107);
+------+------+------------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+------------+---------+
| a1 | 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| a2 | 103 | apricot | 2.20 |
| b1 | 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| b2 | 104 | berry | 7.60 |
| b5 | 107 | xxxx | 3.60 |
| bs1 | 102 | orange | 11.20 |
| bs2 | 105 | melon | 8.20 |
| c0 | 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| l2 | 104 | lemon | 6.40 |
| m1 | 106 | mango | 15.70 |
| m2 | 105 | xbabay | 2.60 |
| m3 | 105 | xxtt | 11.60 |
| o2 | 103 | coconut | 9.20 |
| t1 | 102 | banana | 10.30 |
| t2 | 102 | grape | 5.30 |
| t4 | 107 | xbababa | 3.60 |
+------+------+------------+---------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
带in关键字的子查询
in关键字进行子查询时,内层查询语句仅仅返回一个数据列,这个数据列里的值将提供给外层查询语句进行比较操作。
mysql> select c_id from orders where o_num in-> (select o_num from orderitems where f_id = 'c0');
+-------+
| c_id |
+-------+
| 10004 |
| 10001 |
+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
带比较运算符的子查询
mysql> select s_id,f_name from fruits-> where s_id = -> (select s1.s_id from suppliers as s1 where s1.s_city='tianjin');
+------+------------+
| s_id | f_name |
+------+------------+
| 101 | apple |
| 101 | blackberry |
| 101 | cherry |
+------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
合并查询结果
利用union关键字,可以给出多条select语句,并将它们的结果组合成单个结果集。合并时,两个表对应的列数和数据类型必须相同。各个select语句之间使用union或union all关键字分隔。union不使用关键字all,执行的时候删除重复的记录,所有返回的行都是唯一的;使用关键字all的作用是不删除重复行也不对结果进行自动排序。
mysql> select s_id,f_name,f_price-> from fruits-> where f_price < 9.0-> union all-> select s_id,f_name,f_price-> from fruits-> where s_id in(101,103);
+------+------------+---------+
| s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------------+---------+
| 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| 103 | apricot | 2.20 |
| 104 | berry | 7.60 |
| 107 | xxxx | 3.60 |
| 105 | melon | 8.20 |
| 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| 104 | lemon | 6.40 |
| 105 | xbabay | 2.60 |
| 102 | grape | 5.30 |
| 107 | xbababa | 3.60 |
| 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| 103 | apricot | 2.20 |
| 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| 103 | coconut | 9.20 |
+------+------------+---------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)
union和union all的区别:使用union all的功能是不删除重复行,加上all关键字语句执行时所需要的资源少,所以尽可能地使用它,因此知道有重复行但是想保留这些行,确定查询结果中不会有重复数据或者不需要去掉重复数据的时候,应当使用union all以提高查询效率。
mysql> select s_id,f_name,f_price-> from fruits-> where f_price < 9.0-> union-> select s_id,f_name,f_price-> from fruits-> where s_id in(101,103);
+------+------------+---------+
| s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------------+---------+
| 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| 103 | apricot | 2.20 |
| 104 | berry | 7.60 |
| 107 | xxxx | 3.60 |
| 105 | melon | 8.20 |
| 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| 104 | lemon | 6.40 |
| 105 | xbabay | 2.60 |
| 102 | grape | 5.30 |
| 107 | xbababa | 3.60 |
| 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| 103 | coconut | 9.20 |
+------+------------+---------+
12 rows in set (0.01 sec)
为表和字段取别名
前面介绍了分组查询、聚合函数查询和嵌套子查询,取别名使用关键字as为查询结果中的某一列指定一个特别的名字。可以为字段或者表分别取别名,在查询时,使用别名替代指定的内容。
为表取别名
mysql> select * from orders as abc where abc.o_num = 30001;
+-------+---------------------+-------+
| o_num | o_date | c_id |
+-------+---------------------+-------+
| 30001 | 2008-09-01 00:00:00 | 10001 |
+-------+---------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
为字段取别名
先给fruits表指定别名为fa,f_name列名指定为fruits_name,f_price列名指定为fruits_price,并且价格小于8
mysql> select fa.f_name as fruits_name,fa.f_price as fruits_price-> from fruits as fa-> where fa.f_price < 8;
+-------------+--------------+
| fruits_name | fruits_price |
+-------------+--------------+
| apple | 5.20 |
| apricot | 2.20 |
| berry | 7.60 |
| xxxx | 3.60 |
| cherry | 3.20 |
| lemon | 6.40 |
| xbabay | 2.60 |
| grape | 5.30 |
| xbababa | 3.60 |
+-------------+--------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用正则表达式查询
正则表达式通常被用来检索或替换那些符合某个模式的文本内容,根据指定的匹配模式匹配文本中符合要求的特殊字符串。例如从一个文本文件中提取电话号码,查找一篇文章中重复的单词或者替换用户输入的某些敏感词语等等,这些地方都可以使用正则表达式。正则表达式强大且灵活,可以应用于非常复杂的查询。mysql中使用regexp关键字指定正则表达式的字符匹配模式。
选项 | 说明 | 例子 | 匹配值实例 |
^ | 匹配文本的开始字符 | ^b'匹配以字母b开头的字符串 | book,big,bike |
$ | 匹配文本的结束字符 | st$'匹配以st结尾的字符串 | test,resist |
. | 匹配任何单个字符 | b.t'匹配任何b和t之间有一个字符 | bit,bat,but |
* | 匹配零个或者多个在它前面的字符 | f*n'匹配字符n前面有任意个字符 | fn,fan,faaan |
+ | 匹配前面的字符1次或多次 | ba+'匹配以b开头后面紧跟至少有一个a | ba,bay,bare,battle |
<字符串> | 匹配包含指定的字符串的文本 | fa' fan,afa,faad | |
[字符集合] | 匹配字符集合中的任何一个字符 | [xz]'匹配x或者z | dizzy,zabra,extra |
[^] | 匹配不在括号中的任何字符 | [^abc]'匹配任何不包括a、b或c的字符串 | desk,fox,f8ke |
字符串{n,} | 匹配前面的字符串至少n次 | b{2}匹配2个或者更多的b | bbb,bbbbb |
字符串{n,m} | 匹配前面的字符串至少n次,至多m次。如果n为0,则省略 | b{2,4}匹配最少2个,最多4个 | bbb,bbb,bbbb |
查询以特定字符或字符串开头的记录
mysql> select * from fruits where f_name regexp '^b';
+------+------+------------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+------------+---------+
| b1 | 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| b2 | 104 | berry | 7.60 |
| t1 | 102 | banana | 10.30 |
+------+------+------------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询以特定字符或字符串结尾的记录
mysql> select * from fruits where f_name regexp 'y$';
+------+------+------------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+------------+---------+
| b1 | 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| b2 | 104 | berry | 7.60 |
| c0 | 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| m2 | 105 | xbabay | 2.60 |
+------+------+------------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.05 sec)
用符合‘.’来代替字符串中的任意一个字符
mysql> select * from fruits where f_name regexp 'a.g';
+------+------+--------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+--------+---------+
| bs1 | 102 | orange | 11.20 |
| m1 | 106 | mango | 15.70 |
+------+------+--------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用“*”和“+”来匹配多个字符
mysql> select * from fruits where f_name regexp '^ba*';
+------+------+------------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+------------+---------+
| b1 | 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| b2 | 104 | berry | 7.60 |
| t1 | 102 | banana | 10.30 |
+------+------+------------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from fruits where f_name regexp '^ba+';
+------+------+--------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+--------+---------+
| t1 | 102 | banana | 10.30 |
+------+------+--------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
匹配指定字符串
mysql> select * from fruits where f_name regexp 'on|ap';
+------+------+---------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+---------+---------+
| a1 | 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| a2 | 103 | apricot | 2.20 |
| bs2 | 105 | melon | 8.20 |
| l2 | 104 | lemon | 6.40 |
| o2 | 103 | coconut | 9.20 |
| t2 | 102 | grape | 5.30 |
+------+------+---------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from fruits where f_name like 'on';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
匹配指定字符中的任意一个
mysql> select * from fruits where f_name regexp '[ot]';
+------+------+---------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+---------+---------+
| a2 | 103 | apricot | 2.20 |
| bs1 | 102 | orange | 11.20 |
| bs2 | 105 | melon | 8.20 |
| l2 | 104 | lemon | 6.40 |
| m1 | 106 | mango | 15.70 |
| m3 | 105 | xxtt | 11.60 |
| o2 | 103 | coconut | 9.20 |
+------+------+---------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from fruits where s_id regexp '[456]';
+------+------+--------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+--------+---------+
| b2 | 104 | berry | 7.60 |
| bs2 | 105 | melon | 8.20 |
| l2 | 104 | lemon | 6.40 |
| m1 | 106 | mango | 15.70 |
| m2 | 105 | xbabay | 2.60 |
| m3 | 105 | xxtt | 11.60 |
+------+------+--------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
匹配指定字符以外的字符
mysql> select * from fruits where f_id regexp '[^a-e1-2]';
+------+------+---------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+---------+---------+
| b5 | 107 | xxxx | 3.60 |
| bs1 | 102 | orange | 11.20 |
| bs2 | 105 | melon | 8.20 |
| c0 | 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| l2 | 104 | lemon | 6.40 |
| m1 | 106 | mango | 15.70 |
| m2 | 105 | xbabay | 2.60 |
| m3 | 105 | xxtt | 11.60 |
| o2 | 103 | coconut | 9.20 |
| t1 | 102 | banana | 10.30 |
| t2 | 102 | grape | 5.30 |
| t4 | 107 | xbababa | 3.60 |
+------+------+---------+---------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用{n,}或者{n,m}来指定字符串连续出现的次数
mysql> select * from fruits where f_name regexp 'x{2,}';
+------+------+--------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+--------+---------+
| b5 | 107 | xxxx | 3.60 |
| m3 | 105 | xxtt | 11.60 |
+------+------+--------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from fruits where f_name regexp 'ba{1,3}';
+------+------+---------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+---------+---------+
| m2 | 105 | xbabay | 2.60 |
| t1 | 102 | banana | 10.30 |
| t4 | 107 | xbababa | 3.60 |
+------+------+---------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)