shell编程——if语句 if -z -n -f -eq -ne -lt

news/2024/11/24 9:44:48/

shell编程中条件表达式的使用


if  条件
then
 Command
else
 Command
fi                              别忘了这个结尾
If语句忘了结尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi



    if 的三种条件表达式

if
command
then

if
 函数
then
 命令执行成功,等于返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)
执行失败,返回非0 (grep,没找到匹配)
if [ expression_r_r_r  ]
then 
 表达式结果为真,则返回0,if把0值引向then
if test expression_r_r_r
then
 表达式结果为假,则返回非0,if把非0值引向then


      
   [ ] &&  ——快捷if

[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"
   && 可以理解为then
    如果左边的表达式为真则执行右边的语句

 

    shell的if与c语言if的功能上的区别

 shell if     c语言if
0为真,走then  正好相反,非0走then
 不支持整数变量直接if
必须:if [ i –ne 0 ]

但支持字符串变量直接if
if [ str ] 如果字符串非0
 支持变量直接if
if (i )


 
=================================以command作为if 条件===================================
  
    以多条command或者函数作为if 条件

echo –n “input:”
read user

if
多条指令,这些命令之间相当于“and”(与)
grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null      
who -u | grep $user
then             上边的指令执行成功,返回值$?为0,0为真,运行then
 echo "$user has logged"
else     指令执行失败,$?为1,运行else                            
 echo "$user has not logged"
fi   
# sh test.sh
input : macg
macg     pts/0        May 15 15:55   .          2075 (192.168.1.100)
macg has logged
   
# sh test.sh
input : ddd
ddd has not logged  



    以函数作为if条件  (函数就相当于command,函数的优点是其return值可以自定义)

if
以函数作为if条件,
getyn
then   函数reture值0为真,走then
echo " your answer is yes"
else  函数return值非0为假,走else
echo "your anser is no"
fi  



   if command  等价于 command+if $?

$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh

if
cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
then
echo found
else
echo "no found"
fi
 $ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh

cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1

if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo $?
echo found
else
echo $?
echo "no found"
fi
$ sh testsh.sh
no found  
$ sh testsh.sh
1
no found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
0
found


   
========================================以条件表达式作为 if条件=============================

    传统if 从句子——以条件表达式作为 if条件
if [ 条件表达式 ]
then
 command
 command
 command
else
 command
 command
fi
   
   条件表达式

  • 文件表达式

if [ -f  file ]    如果文件存在
if [ -d ...   ]    如果目录存在
if [ -s file  ]    如果文件存在且非空 
if [ -r file     如果文件存在且可读
if [ -w file  ]    如果文件存在且可写
if [ -x file  ]    如果文件存在且可执行   

  • 整数变量表达式

if [ int1 -eq int2 ]    如果int1等于int2   
if [ int1 -ne int2 ]    如果不等于    
if [ int1 -ge int2 ]       如果>=
if [ int1 -gt int2 ]       如果>
if [ int1 -le int2 ]       如果<=
if [ int1 -lt int2 ]       如果<
   

  •    字符串变量表达式

If  [ $a = $b ]                 如果string1等于string2
                                字符串允许使用赋值号做等号
if  [ $string1 !=  $string2 ]   如果string1不等于string2       
if  [ -n $string  ]             如果string 非空(非0),返回0(true)  
if  [ -z $string              如果string 为空
if  [ $sting ]                  如果string 非空,返回0 (和-n类似)    


    条件表达式引用变量要带$

if [ a = b ] ;then    
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
no equal  (等于表达式没比较$a和$b,而是比较和a和b,自然a!=b)

改正:

if [ $a = $b ] ;then       
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
equal


                                                                                   
  -eq  -ne  -lt  -nt只能用于整数,不适用于字符串,字符串等于用赋值号=

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo -n "input your choice:"
read var
if  [ $var -eq "yes" ]
then
echo $var
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
input your choice:
y
test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
                       期望整数形式,即-eq不支持字符串




    =放在别的地方是赋值,放在if [ ] 里就是字符串等于,shell里面没有==的,那是c语言的等于


   无空格的字符串,可以加" ",也可以不加

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
echo "input is $a"
if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
echo equal123
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
input is 123
equal123 



    = 作为等于时,其两边都必须加空格,否则失效
等号也是操作符,必须和其他变量,关键字,用空格格开 (等号做赋值号时正好相反,两边不能有空格)

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var="yes" ]
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var = "yes" ]   在等号两边加空格
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input is correct
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n    
n
input is correct 
输错了也走then,都走then,为什么?
因为if把$var="yes"连读成一个变量,而此变量为空,返回1,则走else
 [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input error
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no                       
no
input error
一切正常



    If  [  $ANS  ]     等价于  if [ -n $ANS ]
      如果字符串变量非空(then) , 空(else)

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS ]
then
echo no empty
else
echo empth
fi 
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:                       回车
                                                
empth                                    说明“回车”就是空串
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
34
no empty 


 
    整数条件表达式,大于,小于,shell里没有> 和< ,会被当作尖括号,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input a:"
read a
if  [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
echo 3bit
else
echo 2bit
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
20
2bit



 整数操作符号-ge,-gt,-le,-lt, 别忘了加-

if  test $a  ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected
if  test $a -ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit



============================逻辑表达式=========================================

    逻辑非 !                   条件表达式的相反
if [ ! 表达式 ]
if [ ! -d $num ]                        如果不存在目录$num


    逻辑与 –a                    条件表达式的并列
if [ 表达式1  –a  表达式2 ]


    逻辑或 -o                    条件表达式的或
if [ 表达式1  –o 表达式2 ]

   
   逻辑表达式

  •     表达式与前面的=  != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用
  •     逻辑符号就正常的接其他表达式,没有任何括号( ),就是并列

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]

  •     注意逻辑与-a与逻辑或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的运算符号搞混了



  最常见的赋值形式,赋值前对=两边的变量都进行评测
左边测变量是否为空,右边测目录(值)是否存在(值是否有效)

 
[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh
:
echo "input the num:"
read num
echo "input is $num"

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]   如果变量$JHHOME为空,且$HOME/$num目录存在
then
JHHOME=$HOME/$num                      则赋值
fi

echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME"  
-----------------------
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is

目录-d $HOME/$num   不存在,所以$JHHOME没被then赋值
[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp



    一个-o的例子,其中却揭示了”=”必须两边留空格的问题

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi

echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
y
为什么输入不是yes,结果仍是y(走then)
因为=被连读了,成了变量$ANS="Yes",而变量又为空,所以走else了

 

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS    echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi

echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
n
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
yes
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y



===================以  test 条件表达式 作为if条件===================================

    if test $num -eq 0      等价于   if [ $num –eq 0 ]

    test  表达式,没有 [  ]
if test $num -eq 0                
then
echo "try again"
else
echo "good"
fi

    man test

[macg@machome ~]$ man test
[(1)                             User Commands                            [(1)

SYNOPSIS
       test EXPRESSION
       [ EXPRESSION ]


       [-n] STRING
              the length of STRING is nonzero          -n和直接$str都是非0条件

       -z STRING
              the length of STRING is zero

       STRING1 = STRING2
              the strings are equal

       STRING1 != STRING2
              the strings are not equal

       INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2

       FILE1 -nt FILE2
              FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2

       FILE1 -ot FILE2
              FILE1 is older than FILE2

       -b FILE
              FILE exists and is block special

       -c FILE
              FILE exists and is character special

       -d FILE
              FILE exists and is a directory

       -e FILE
              FILE exists                                 文件存在

       -f FILE
              FILE exists and is a regular file     文件存在且是普通文件

       -h FILE
              FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)

       -L FILE
              FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)

       -G FILE
              FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID

       -O FILE
              FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID

       -p FILE
              FILE exists and is a named pipe


       -s FILE
              FILE exists and has a size greater than zero

       -S FILE
              FILE exists and is a socket

       -w FILE
              FILE exists and is writable

       -x FILE
FILE exists and is executable
 



======================if简化语句=================================

    最常用的简化if语句

   && 如果是“前面”,则“后面”
[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid    检查 文件是否存在,如果存在就删掉
   ||   如果不是“前面”,则后面
[ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0    检验文件是否存在,如果存在就退出

 
    用简化 if 和$1,$2,$3来检测参数,不合理就调用help
[ -z "$1" ] && help                 如果第一个参数不存在(-z  字符串长度为0 )
[ "$1" = "-h" ] && help                        如果第一个参数是-h,就显示help


例子
#!/bin/sh

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
cp ifcfg-eth0.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1


s​h​e​l​l​中​条​件​判​断​i​f​中​的​-​z​到​-​d​的​意​思

[ -a FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在则为真。 
[ -b FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且是一个块特殊文件则为真。 

[ -c FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且是一个字特殊文件则为真。 

[ -d FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且是一个目录则为真。 

[ -e FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在则为真。 
[ -f FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且是一个普通文件则为真。

[ -g FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且已经设置了SGID则为真。
[ -h FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且是一个符号连接则为真。

[ -k FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且已经设置了粘制位则为真。 [

-p FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且是一个名字管道(F如果O)则为真。

[ -r FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且是可读的则为真。 

[ -s FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且大小不为0则为真。 
[ -t FD ] 如果文件描述符 FD 打开且指向一个终端则为真。

[ -u FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且设置了SUID (set user ID)则为真。 

[ -w FILE ] 如果 FILE 如果 FILE 存在且是可写的则为真。 

[ -x FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且是可执行的则为真。 

[ -O FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且属有效用户ID则为真。

[ -G FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且属有效用户组则为真。 [ -L FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且是一个符号连接则为真。 
[ -N FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在 and has been mod如果ied since it was last read则为真。 
[ -S FILE ] 如果 FILE 存在且是一个套接字则为真。 
[ FILE1 -nt FILE2 ] 如果 FILE1 has been changed more recently than FILE2,or 如果 FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not则为真。 
[ FILE1 -ot FILE2 ] 如果 FILE1 比 FILE2 要老, 或者 FILE2 存在且 FILE1 不存在则为真。 
[ FILE1 -ef FILE2 ] 如果 FILE1 和 FILE2 指向相同的设备和节点号则为真。 

[ -o OPTIONNAME ] 如果 shell选项 “OPTIONNAME” 开启则为真。 

[ -z STRING ] “STRING” 的长度为零则为真。 
[ -n STRING ] or [ STRING ] “STRING” 的长度为非零 non-zero则为真。 
[ STRING1 == STRING2 ] 如果2个字符串相同。 “=” may be used instead of “==” for strict POSIX compliance则为真。 
[ STRING1 != STRING2 ] 如果字符串不相等则为真。 
[ STRING1 < STRING2 ] 如果 “STRING1” sorts before “STRING2” lexicographically in the current locale则为真。 
[ STRING1 > STRING2 ] 如果 “STRING1” sorts after “STRING2” lexicographically in the current locale则为真。 
[ ARG1 OP ARG2 ] “OP” is one of -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt or -ge. These arithmetic binary operators return true if “ARG1” is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to “ARG2”, respectively. “ARG1” and “ARG2” are integers.





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