多线程学习Day07

共享模型之不可变

从一个日期转换的问题开始

java">@Slf4j(topic = "c.Test1")
public class Test1 {public static void main(String[] args) {SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {new Thread(() -> {try {log.debug("{}", sdf.parse("1951-04-21"));} catch (Exception e) {log.error("{}", e);}}).start();}}
}

这里出现了异常

java">java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "4E14"at java.base/java.lang.NumberFormatException.forInputString(NumberFormatException.java:65)at java.base/java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:692)at java.base/java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:817)at java.base/java.text.DigitList.getLong(DigitList.java:195)at java.base/java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2121)at java.base/java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1933)at java.base/java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1541)at java.base/java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:393)at n7.Test1.lambda$main$0(Test1.java:14)at java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:829)

加锁当然能解决这个问题

java"> synchronized (sdf){try {log.debug("{}", sdf.parse("1951-04-21"));} catch (Exception e) {log.error("{}", e);}}

换一个不可变类

java">@Slf4j(topic = "c.Test1")
public class Test1 {public static void main(String[] args) {DateTimeFormatter stf = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd");for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {new Thread(() -> {TemporalAccessor parse = stf.parse("1951-04-21");log.debug("{}",parse);}).start();}}
}

不可变类的设计

java">public final class String
implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence {
/** The value is used for character storage. */
private final char value[];
/** Cache the hash code for the string */
private int hash; // Default to 0
// ...
}
北

比如String这个类，他的两个成员变量，一个value[]使用final修饰，一个hash是私有的并且没有get方法，类也加上了fianl修饰，防止子类对其有影响，属性用 final 修饰保证了该属性是只读的，不能修改，类用 final 修饰保证了该类中的方法不能被覆盖，防止子类无意间破坏不可变性

保护性拷贝

java">public String substring(int beginIndex) {
if (beginIndex < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(beginIndex);
}
int subLen = value.length - beginIndex;
if (subLen < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(subLen);
}
return (beginIndex == 0) ? this : new String(value, beginIndex, subLen);
}

发现其内部是调用 String 的构造方法创建了一个新字符串，再进入这个构造看看，是否对 final char[] value 做出了修改：

java">public String(char value[], int offset, int count) {
if (offset < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
}
if (count <= 0) {
if (count < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(count);
}
if (offset <= value.length) {
this.value = "".value;
return;
}
}
if (offset > value.length - count) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + count);
}
this.value = Arrays.copyOfRange(value, offset, offset+count);
}

享元模式

定义英文名称：Flyweight pattern. 当需要重用数量有限的同一类对象时

在JDK中 Boolean，Byte，Short，Integer，Long，Character 等包装类提供了 valueOf 方法，例如 Long 的valueOf 会缓存 -128~127 之间的 Long 对象，在这个范围之间会重用对象，大于这个范围，才会新建 Long 对象：

java">public static Long valueOf(long l) {
final int offset = 128;
if (l >= -128 && l <= 127) { // will cache
return LongCache.cache[(int)l + offset];
}
return new Long(l);
}

Byte, Short, Long 缓存的范围都是 -128~127
Character 缓存的范围是 0~127
Integer的默认范围是 -128~127
最小值不能变
但最大值可以通过调整虚拟机参数 `
-Djava.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high` 来改变
Boolean 缓存了 TRUE 和 FALSE

例如：一个线上商城应用，QPS 达到数千，如果每次都重新创建和关闭数据库连接，性能会受到极大影响。这时预先创建好一批连接，放入连接池。一次请求到达后，从连接池获取连接，使用完毕后再还回连接池，这样既节约了连接的创建和关闭时间，也实现了连接的重用，不至于让庞大的连接数压垮数据库。

一个小的连接池例子：

java">public class Test2 {public static void main(String[] args) {Pool  pool=new Pool(2);for (int i=0;i<5;i++){new Thread(()->{Connection conn=pool.borrow();try {Thread.sleep(new Random().nextInt(1000));} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}pool.free(conn);}).start();}}
}
@Slf4j(topic = "c.Pool")
class Pool{//1.连接池大小private final int poolSize;//2.连接对象数组private Connection[] connections;//3.连接状态数组，0表示空闲，1表示繁忙private AtomicIntegerArray states;//4.构造方法public Pool(int poolSize){this.poolSize=poolSize;this.connections=new Connection[poolSize];this.states=new AtomicIntegerArray(new int[poolSize]);for(int i=0;i<poolSize;i++){connections[i]=new MockConnection("连接"+i);}}//借连接public Connection borrow()  {while (true){for (int i=0;i<poolSize;i++){if(states.get(i)==0){log.debug("成功进入");if(states.compareAndSet(i,0,1)){log.debug("borrow{}",connections[i]);return connections[i];}}}//没有空闲连接进入等待synchronized (this){try {log.debug("wait...");this.wait();} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}}}//归还连接public void free(Connection conn){for (int i=0;i<poolSize;i++){if(connections[i]==conn){states.set(i,0);log.debug("free{}",conn);synchronized (this){this.notifyAll();}break;}}}
}

final原理

设置 final 变量的原理

java">public class TestFinal {
final int a = 20;
}

字节码

java">0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: aload_0
5: bipush 20
7: putfield #2 // Field a:I
<-- 写屏障
10: return

获取final变量的原理

1. 编译时的行为

编译期常量：如果一个final变量在声明时就被显式初始化（例如，基本类型或字符串字面量），并且它是静态的（static），那么它会被视为编译期常量。Java编译器会将这些常量的值嵌入到任何使用它们的代码中。这意味着，如果这些final常量的值在编译时是已知的，则它们的使用可以在编译时被直接替换为实际的值。
非编译期常量：对于非静态的final变量，或者其值在运行时才能确定的final变量（例如，通过方法计算得到的值），则它们不是编译期常量。这些变量的值存储在类的实例中（非静态）或类本身（静态但非常量）。

2. 运行时的行为

内存模型和可见性：final字段的最大特点之一在于它们对内存模型的影响。在Java内存模型中，正确构造的对象（在对象的构造函数完成后，final字段的值就不再改变）中的final字段，可以保证被不同线程安全地读取，无需额外的同步措施。这种行为是通过在构造器结束时对final字段的写入，以及每次读取final字段时都建立的“初始化安全性”保证来实现的。
构造器内的赋值：Java允许在构造器内部对final变量进行赋值。一旦构造器完成，final变量的值就固定下来，任何尝试修改final变量的操作都将导致编译错误。

共享模型之工具

线程池

自定义线程池

终于成功了

java">@Slf4j(topic = "c.Test1")
public class Test1 {public static void main(String[] args) {ThreadPool threadPool= new ThreadPool(2,1000,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,10);for (int i=0;i<5;i++){int j=i;threadPool.excute(()->{log.debug("{}",j);});}}
}
@Slf4j(topic = "c.ThreadPool")
class ThreadPool{//任务队列private BlockingQueue<Runnable> taskQueue;//线程集合private HashSet<Worker> workers=new HashSet();//核心线程数private int coreSize;//获取任务的超时时间private long timeout;private TimeUnit timeUnit;//执行任务public void excute(Runnable task){//当任务数没有超过coreSize时，交给worker对象执行，如果超过了，加入任务队列暂存synchronized (workers){if(workers.size()<coreSize){Worker worker=new Worker(task);log.debug("新增worker {},{}",worker,task);workers.add(worker);worker.start();}else {log.debug("加入任务队列 {}",task);taskQueue.put(task);}}}public ThreadPool(int coreSize, long timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit,int queueCapCIty) {this.coreSize = coreSize;this.timeout = timeout;this.timeUnit = timeUnit;this.taskQueue=new BlockingQueue<>(queueCapCIty);}class Worker extends Thread{private Runnable task;public Worker( Runnable task) {this.task = task;}@Overridepublic void run(){//执行任务1.当task不为空，直接执行任务2.当task执行完毕，接着从任务队列获取任务并执行while (task!=null||(task=taskQueue.take())!=null){try {log.debug("正在执行...{}",task);task.run();}catch (Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}finally {task=null;}}synchronized (workers){log.debug("worker被移除{}",this);workers.remove(this);}}}
}class BlockingQueue<T>{//1.任务队列private Deque<T> queue=new ArrayDeque<>();//2.锁private ReentrantLock lock=new ReentrantLock();//3.生产者条件变量private Condition fullWaitSet=lock.newCondition();//4.消费者条件变量private Condition emptyWaitSet=lock.newCondition();//5.容量private int capcity;public BlockingQueue(int capacity) {this.capcity=capacity;}//带超时的阻塞获取public T poll(long timeout, TimeUnit unit){lock.lock();try {//将超时时间转化为纳秒long nanos=unit.toNanos(timeout);while (queue.isEmpty()){try {//返回的是剩余时间if(nanos<=0){return null;}nanos= emptyWaitSet.awaitNanos(nanos);} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}T t=queue.removeFirst();fullWaitSet.signal();return t;}finally {lock.unlock();}}//阻塞获取public T take(){lock.lock();try {while (queue.isEmpty()){try {emptyWaitSet.await();} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}T t=queue.removeFirst();fullWaitSet.signal();return t;}finally {lock.unlock();}}//阻塞添加public void put(T element){lock.lock();try {while (queue.size()==capcity){try {fullWaitSet.await();} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}queue.addLast(element);//放完了之后唤醒一下等着队列元素的线程emptyWaitSet.signal();}finally {lock.unlock();}}//获取大小public int size(){lock.lock();try {return capcity;}finally {lock.unlock();}}
}

java">17:16:48 [main] c.ThreadPool - 新增worker Thread[Thread-0,5,main],n8.Test1$$Lambda$30/0x00000008000d5440@77167fb7
17:16:48 [main] c.ThreadPool - 新增worker Thread[Thread-1,5,main],n8.Test1$$Lambda$30/0x00000008000d5440@3c9d0b9d
17:16:48 [main] c.ThreadPool - 加入任务队列 n8.Test1$$Lambda$30/0x00000008000d5440@2f112965
17:16:48 [Thread-0] c.ThreadPool - 正在执行...n8.Test1$$Lambda$30/0x00000008000d5440@77167fb7
17:16:48 [main] c.ThreadPool - 加入任务队列 n8.Test1$$Lambda$30/0x00000008000d5440@1a04f701
17:16:48 [main] c.ThreadPool - 加入任务队列 n8.Test1$$Lambda$30/0x00000008000d5440@4e91d63f
17:16:48 [Thread-1] c.ThreadPool - 正在执行...n8.Test1$$Lambda$30/0x00000008000d5440@3c9d0b9d
17:16:48 [Thread-0] c.Test1 - 0
17:16:48 [Thread-1] c.Test1 - 1
17:16:48 [Thread-1] c.ThreadPool - 正在执行...n8.Test1$$Lambda$30/0x00000008000d5440@1a04f701
17:16:48 [Thread-0] c.ThreadPool - 正在执行...n8.Test1$$Lambda$30/0x00000008000d5440@2f112965
17:16:48 [Thread-1] c.Test1 - 3
17:16:48 [Thread-0] c.Test1 - 2
17:16:48 [Thread-1] c.ThreadPool - 正在执行...n8.Test1$$Lambda$30/0x00000008000d5440@4e91d63f
17:16:48 [Thread-1] c.Test1 - 4

下面这个加了拒绝策略

java">@Slf4j(topic = "c.Test1")
public class Test1 {public static void main(String[] args) {ThreadPool threadPool= new ThreadPool(1,1000,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,1,(queue,task)->{//1.死等//queue.put(task);//2.带超时等待//queue.offer(task,500,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);//3.让调用者放弃执行//log.debug("放弃",task);//4.抛出异常//throw new RuntimeException("任务执行失败"+task);//5.让调用者自己执行任务task.run();});for (int i=0;i<3;i++){int j=i;threadPool.excute(()->{try {Thread.sleep(1000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}log.debug("{}",j);});}}
}
@FunctionalInterface//拒绝策略
interface RejectPolicy<T>{void reject(BlockingQueue queue,T task);
}
@Slf4j(topic = "c.ThreadPool")
class ThreadPool{//任务队列private BlockingQueue<Runnable> taskQueue;//线程集合private HashSet<Worker> workers=new HashSet();//核心线程数private int coreSize;//获取任务的超时时间private long timeout;private TimeUnit timeUnit;private RejectPolicy<Runnable>rejectPolicy;//执行任务public void excute(Runnable task){//当任务数没有超过coreSize时，交给worker对象执行，如果超过了，加入任务队列暂存synchronized (workers){if(workers.size()<coreSize){Worker worker=new Worker(task);log.debug("新增worker {},{}",worker,task);workers.add(worker);worker.start();}else {log.debug("加入任务队列 {}",task);taskQueue.put(task);/** 1.死等* 2..带超时等待* 3.放弃执行* 4.抛出异常* */taskQueue.tryPut(rejectPolicy,task);}}}public ThreadPool(int coreSize, long timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit,int queueCapCIty,RejectPolicy<Runnable> rejectPolicy) {this.coreSize = coreSize;this.timeout = timeout;this.timeUnit = timeUnit;this.taskQueue=new BlockingQueue<>(queueCapCIty);this.rejectPolicy=rejectPolicy;}class Worker extends Thread{private Runnable task;public Worker( Runnable task) {this.task = task;}@Overridepublic void run(){//执行任务1.当task不为空，直接执行任务2.当task执行完毕，接着从任务队列获取任务并执行while (task!=null||(task=taskQueue.poll(timeout,timeUnit))!=null){try {log.debug("正在执行...{}",task);task.run();}catch (Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}finally {task=null;}}synchronized (workers){log.debug("worker被移除{}",this);workers.remove(this);}}}
}
@Slf4j(topic = "c.BlockingQueue")
class BlockingQueue<T>{//1.任务队列private Deque<T> queue=new ArrayDeque<>();//2.锁private ReentrantLock lock=new ReentrantLock();//3.生产者条件变量private Condition fullWaitSet=lock.newCondition();//4.消费者条件变量private Condition emptyWaitSet=lock.newCondition();//5.容量private int capcity;public BlockingQueue(int capacity) {this.capcity=capacity;}//带超时的阻塞获取public T poll(long timeout, TimeUnit unit){lock.lock();try {//将超时时间转化为纳秒long nanos=unit.toNanos(timeout);while (queue.isEmpty()){try {//返回的是剩余时间if(nanos<=0){return null;}nanos= emptyWaitSet.awaitNanos(nanos);} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}T t=queue.removeFirst();fullWaitSet.signal();return t;}finally {lock.unlock();}}//阻塞获取public T take(){lock.lock();try {while (queue.isEmpty()){try {emptyWaitSet.await();} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}T t=queue.removeFirst();fullWaitSet.signal();return t;}finally {lock.unlock();}}//阻塞添加public void put(T element){lock.lock();try {while (queue.size()==capcity){try {log.debug("等待加入任务队列{}...",element);fullWaitSet.await();} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}log.debug("加入任务队列{}",element);queue.addLast(element);//放完了之后唤醒一下等着队列元素的线程emptyWaitSet.signal();}finally {lock.unlock();}}//带超时时间的阻塞添加public boolean offer(T task,long timeout,TimeUnit timeUnit){lock.lock();try {long nanos=timeUnit.toNanos(timeout);while (queue.size()==capcity){try {log.debug("等待加入任务队列{}...",task);if(nanos<=0){return false;}nanos= fullWaitSet.awaitNanos(nanos);} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}log.debug("加入任务队列{}",task);queue.addLast(task);//放完了之后唤醒一下等着队列元素的线程emptyWaitSet.signal();return true;}finally {lock.unlock();}}//获取大小public int size(){lock.lock();try {return capcity;}finally {lock.unlock();}}public void tryPut(RejectPolicy<T> rejectPolicy,T task){lock.lock();try {if(queue.size()==capcity){rejectPolicy.reject(this,task);}else {log.debug("加入任务队列{}",task);queue.addLast(task);emptyWaitSet.signal();}}finally {lock.unlock();}}
}