对比

格式	优点	缺点	是否支持注释
INI	简单易懂 语言内置支持	不支持复杂数据结构	✓
JSON	支持复杂数据结构	阅读起来不够直观	×
YAML	简洁有序 支持复杂数据结构	灵活但有歧义 不同实现有兼容性问题	✓
XML	支持复杂数据结构和命名空间	语法冗长体积较大	✓
TOML	语法简洁 支持复杂数据结构	相对较新	✓

python.org/zh-cn/3/library/configparser.html" rel="nofollow">INI

键值分隔符为 = 或 :

注释符为 # 或 ;

缺乏统一的标准，不能表示复杂数据结构，常用于 Windows 程序

config.ini

[Simple Values]
key=value
spaces in keys=allowed
spaces in values=allowed as well
spaces around the delimiter = obviously
you can also use : to delimit keys from values[All Values Are Strings]
values like this: 1000000
or this: 3.14159265359
are they treated as numbers? : no
integers, floats and booleans are held as: strings
can use the API to get converted values directly: true[Multiline Values]
chorus: I'm a lumberjack, and I'm okayI sleep all night and I work all day[No Values]
key_without_value
empty string value here =[You can use comments]
# like this
; or this# By default only in an empty line.
# Inline comments can be harmful because they prevent users
# from using the delimiting characters as parts of values.
# That being said, this can be customized.[Sections Can Be Indented]can_values_be_as_well = Truedoes_that_mean_anything_special = Falsepurpose = formatting for readabilitymultiline_values = arehandled just fine aslong as they are indenteddeeper than the first lineof a value# Did I mention we can indent comments, too?

python">import configparserconfig = configparser.ConfigParser(allow_no_value=True)
config.read('config.ini', encoding='utf-8')for section in config.sections():print(section)for key, value in config.items(section):print('  {} = {}'.format(key, value))

特殊字符如 % 会报错 configparser.InterpolationSyntaxError: '%' must be followed by '%' or '(', found: '%xxxx'

可以用 %% 或者 config.get('MYSQL', 'PASSWORD', raw=True)

python.org/zh-cn/3/library/json.html" rel="nofollow">JSON

常用于 JavaScript、Python、Node.js、Ruby

config.json

json">{"mysql": {"host": "127.0.0.1","user": "root","password": "123456","port": 3306,"database": "mysql"}
}

python">import jsonconfig = json.load(open('config.json'))
print(config)

yaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation" rel="nofollow">YAML

YAML 官网

注释符为 #

常用于 Python、Java、Go 等

config.yaml

yaml">language: python
mysql:host: localhostport: 3306username: userpassword: secretfields:- id- name- age

安装

pip install PyYAML

python">import yamlconfig = yaml.safe_load(open('config.yaml', 'r', encoding='utf-8'))
print(config)

python.org/zh-cn/3/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#module-xml.etree.ElementTree" rel="nofollow">XML

注释符为 <!-- 结合 -->

常用于 Java、C#、.NET、Scala 等

xml"><config><database><host>localhost</host><port>3306</port><username>user</username><password>secret</password></database>
</config>

python">import xml.etree.ElementTree as ETtree = ET.parse('config.xml')
root = tree.getroot()
config = {}
for child in root:config[child.tag] = {subchild.tag: subchild.text for subchild in child}
print(config)

python.org/zh-cn/3/library/tomllib.html" rel="nofollow">TOML

注释符为 #

常用于 Python、Rust、Go 等

config.toml

# This is a TOML documenttitle = "TOML Example"[owner]
name = "Tom Preston-Werner"
dob = 1979-05-27T07:32:00-08:00[database]
enabled = true
ports = [ 8000, 8001, 8002 ]
data = [ ["delta", "phi"], [3.14] ]
temp_targets = { cpu = 79.5, case = 72.0 }[servers][servers.alpha]
ip = "10.0.0.1"
role = "frontend"[servers.beta]
ip = "10.0.0.2"
role = "backend"

Python 3.11 标准库开始有 tomllib

python">import tomllibconfig = tomllib.load(open('config.toml', 'rb'))
print(config)

其余版本使用 toml

pip install toml

python">import tomlconfig = toml.load(open('config.toml', 'r'))
print(config)

参考文献

1. configparser — Python 文档
2. json — Python 文档
3. PyYAML Documentation
4. xml.etree.ElementTree — Python 文档
5. tomllib — Python 文档
6. 常见配置文件格式
7. 给力！Python配置文件，这一篇就够了！