一、组成

抽象原型类：声明克隆接口。
具体原型类：实现克隆接口。

二、特点

1、通过具体原型类克隆的对象只是部分属性值不同。
2、克隆函数内部可用拷贝构造函数赋值。

三、目的

通过已有对象来复制新对象，不同对象之间仅部分属性有差异。

四、缺点

1、场景限制问题，如果对象内部存在循环引用或动态分配的资源会比较麻烦。
2、深拷贝和浅拷贝问题，对象有嵌套结构则需要复杂的深拷贝逻辑。

五、示例代码

#include<iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
#include <string>
#include <mutex>
#include <map>
#include<stack>using namespace std;class Prototype;//抽象原型类
class BaseCharacter;//抽象类
class Player;//具体原型类
class Enemy;//具体原型类class Prototype {
public:Prototype() {}virtual shared_ptr<Prototype> clone() = 0;virtual void setHealth(int health) = 0;virtual void setAttack(int attack) = 0;virtual void setDefense(int defense) = 0;virtual void setName(string name) = 0;virtual void print() = 0;
};class BaseCharacter : public Prototype {
public:BaseCharacter() {}BaseCharacter(string name, int health, int attack, int defense) :m_name(name), m_health(health), m_attack(attack), m_defense(defense) {};void setHealth(int health) {m_health = health;};void setAttack(int attack) {m_attack = attack;};void setDefense(int defense) {m_defense = defense;};void setName(string name) {m_name = name;};void print() {cout << "name:" << m_name << ",health:" << m_health << endl;}
protected:int m_health;int m_attack;int m_defense;string m_name;
};class Player : public BaseCharacter {
public:Player(string name, int health, int attack, int defense) : BaseCharacter(name, health, attack, defense) {};~Player() {cout << "~Player " << m_name << endl;}shared_ptr<Prototype> clone() {return make_shared<Player>(*this);};
};class Enemy : public BaseCharacter {
public:Enemy(string name, int health, int attack, int defense) : BaseCharacter(name, health, attack, defense) {};~Enemy() {cout << "~Enemy " << m_name << endl;}shared_ptr<Prototype> clone() {return make_shared<Enemy>(*this);};
};
void test() {auto player1 = make_shared<Player>("Player1", 1, 2, 3);player1->setHealth(100);auto player2 = player1->clone();player2->setName("Player2");player1->setHealth(1000);player2->print();player1->print();
}
int main() {test();
}