在现代微服务架构中,通常需要与多个数据库交互的服务。这可能是由于各种原因,例如遗留系统集成、不同类型的数据存储需求,或者仅仅是为了优化性能。Spring Boot 具有灵活的配置和强大的数据访问库,可以轻松配置多个数据库。在本综合指南中,我们将探讨如何在 Spring Boot 微服务中设置和管理多个数据库连接。
1. 简介
微服务通常需要与各种数据库交互。每个微服务可能需要不同类型的数据库,例如用于事务数据的 SQL 数据库和用于非结构化数据的 NoSQL 数据库。Spring Boot 为配置和管理多个数据源提供了出色的支持,使其成为现代微服务架构的理想选择。
2.为什么要使用多个数据库?
- 遗留系统集成:与遗留系统的现有数据库集成。
- 优化性能:使用针对特定类型的数据(例如关系型与非关系型)优化的不同数据库。
- 数据隔离:出于安全、合规或组织原因分离数据。
- 可扩展性:在不同的数据库之间分配数据负载以提高性能。
3.设置 Spring Boot 项目
首先,创建一个新的 Spring Boot 项目。您可以使用 Spring Initializr 或您喜欢的 IDE 来设置项目。
Maven 依赖项
在您的 中pom.xml
包含 Spring Data JPA 和您将使用的数据库的依赖项(例如,内存中的 H2、PostgreSQL、MySQL 等)。
<dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>com.h2database</groupId><artifactId>h2</artifactId><scope>runtime</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.postgresql</groupId><artifactId>postgresql</artifactId><scope>runtime</scope></dependency>
</dependencies>
4.配置多个数据源
在application.yml
或application.properties
文件中,配置每个数据库的连接属性。
application.yml
spring:datasource:primary:url: jdbc:h2:mem:primarydbdriver-class-name: org.h2.Driverusername: sapassword: passwordsecondary:url: jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/secondarydbdriver-class-name: org.postgresql.Driverusername: postgrespassword: password
jpa:primary:database-platform: org.hibernate.dialect.H2Dialecthibernate:ddl-auto: updatesecondary:database-platform: org.hibernate.dialect.PostgreSQLDialecthibernate:ddl-auto: update
5.创建数据源配置类
接下来,为每个数据源创建单独的配置类。
主数据源配置
java">package com.example.config;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.boot.jdbc.DataSourceBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.EnableJpaRepositories;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter;
import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
@Configuration
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackages = "com.example.primary.repository",entityManagerFactoryRef = "primaryEntityManagerFactory",transactionManagerRef = "primaryTransactionManager"
)
public class PrimaryDataSourceConfig {@Bean(name = "primaryDataSource")@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.datasource.primary")public DataSource primaryDataSource() {return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();}@Bean(name = "primaryEntityManagerFactory")public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean primaryEntityManagerFactory(@Qualifier("primaryDataSource") DataSource dataSource) {LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean em = new LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean();em.setDataSource(dataSource);em.setPackagesToScan(new String[] { "com.example.primary.entity" });HibernateJpaVendorAdapter vendorAdapter = new HibernateJpaVendorAdapter();em.setJpaVendorAdapter(vendorAdapter);return em;}@Bean(name = "primaryTransactionManager")public PlatformTransactionManager primaryTransactionManager(@Qualifier("primaryEntityManagerFactory") EntityManagerFactory entityManagerFactory) {return new JpaTransactionManager(entityManagerFactory);}
}
辅助数据源配置
java">package com.example.config;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.boot.jdbc.DataSourceBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.EnableJpaRepositories;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter;
import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
@Configuration
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackages = "com.example.secondary.repository",entityManagerFactoryRef = "secondaryEntityManagerFactory",transactionManagerRef = "secondaryTransactionManager"
)
public class SecondaryDataSourceConfig {@Bean(name = "secondaryDataSource")@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.datasource.secondary")public DataSource secondaryDataSource() {return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();}@Bean(name = "secondaryEntityManagerFactory")public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean secondaryEntityManagerFactory(@Qualifier("secondaryDataSource") DataSource dataSource) {LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean em = new LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean();em.setDataSource(dataSource);em.setPackagesToScan(new String[] { "com.example.secondary.entity" });HibernateJpaVendorAdapter vendorAdapter = new HibernateJpaVendorAdapter();em.setJpaVendorAdapter(vendorAdapter);return em;}@Bean(name = "secondaryTransactionManager")public PlatformTransactionManager secondaryTransactionManager(@Qualifier("secondaryEntityManagerFactory") EntityManagerFactory entityManagerFactory) {return new JpaTransactionManager(entityManagerFactory);}
}
6. 定义实体管理器
为每个数据库定义实体类。确保将它们放在配置类中指定的相应包中。
主数据库实体
java">package com.example.primary.entity;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
@Entity
public class PrimaryEntity {@Id@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)private Long id;private String name;// getters and setters
}
辅助数据库实体
java">package com.example.secondary.entity;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
@Entity
public class SecondaryEntity {@Id@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)private Long id;private String description;// getters and setters
}
7. 创建存储库
为每个数据库创建存储库接口,确保它们按照配置放置在正确的包中。
主存储库
java">package com.example.primary.repository;
import com.example.secondary.entity.SecondaryEntity;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
public interface SecondaryRepository extends JpaRepository<SecondaryEntity, Long> {
}
二级存储库
java">package com.example.secondary.repository;
import com.example.secondary.entity.SecondaryEntity;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
public interface SecondaryRepository extends JpaRepository<SecondaryEntity, Long> {
}
8.测试配置
最后,创建一个简单的 REST 控制器来测试设置。此控制器将使用两个存储库来执行 CRUD 操作。
java">package com.example.controller;
import com.example.primary.entity.PrimaryEntity;
import com.example.primary.repository.PrimaryRepository;
import com.example.secondary.entity.SecondaryEntity;
import com.example.secondary.repository.SecondaryRepository;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class TestController {@Autowiredprivate PrimaryRepository primaryRepository;@Autowiredprivate SecondaryRepository secondaryRepository;@GetMapping("/test")public String test() {PrimaryEntity primaryEntity = new PrimaryEntity();primaryEntity.setName("Primary Entity");primaryRepository.save(primaryEntity);SecondaryEntity secondaryEntity = new SecondaryEntity();secondaryEntity.setDescription("Secondary Entity");secondaryRepository.save(secondaryEntity);return "Entities saved!";}
}