我们的目标是渐变!渐变!
首先了解,渐变分为线性渐变和径向渐变,线性渐变可以是从左上角到右下角的渐变,径向渐变是从中心向外的渐变。
JavaScript中实现渐变可以使用addColorStop的方法,例如创建一个线性渐变的代码为:
javascript>javascript">// 创建线性渐变
var linearGradient = ctx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, 200, 0);
linearGradient.addColorStop("0", "green");
linearGradient.addColorStop("1", "white");// 应用渐变到矩形
ctx.fillStyle = linearGradient;
ctx.fillRect(10, 10, 180, 80);
我们使用createLinearGradient(x1, y1, x2, y2)
创建一个线性渐变。参数定义了渐变的开始和结束位置。
径向渐变也是类似的:
javascript>javascript">// 创建径向渐变
var radialGradient = ctx.createRadialGradient(100, 50, 10, 100, 50, 50);
radialGradient.addColorStop("0", "red");
radialGradient.addColorStop("0.5", "yellow");
radialGradient.addColorStop("1", "green");// 应用渐变到矩形
ctx.fillStyle = radialGradient;
ctx.fillRect(10, 10, 180, 80);
使用createRadialGradient(x1, y1, r1, x2, y2, r2)
创建一个径向渐变。参数定义了内外圆的位置和半径。
接下去我希望区分填充渐变和描边渐变,并且把这些代码写在一个函数里。创建drawCircle函数,包括circle和isFill参数,传入一个圆,如果isFill为true则填充,否则描边。
javascript>javascript">function drawCircle(circle, isFill) {var canvas = document.getElementById("myCanvas");var ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");// 创建径向渐变var radialGradient = ctx.createRadialGradient(circle.x, circle.y, 0, circle.x, circle.y, circle.radius);radialGradient.addColorStop("0", "red");radialGradient.addColorStop("0.5", "yellow");radialGradient.addColorStop("1", "green");if (isFill) {// 应用渐变填充ctx.fillStyle = radialGradient;ctx.beginPath();ctx.arc(circle.x, circle.y, circle.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2);ctx.fill();} else {// 应用渐变描边ctx.strokeStyle = radialGradient;ctx.lineWidth = 10; // 可以根据需要调整线宽ctx.beginPath();ctx.arc(circle.x, circle.y, circle.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2);ctx.stroke();}
}// 圆的参数
var circle = {x: 100,y: 100,radius: 50
};// 画一个填充的圆
drawCircle(circle, true);// 画一个描边的圆
// drawCircle(circle, false);
不过,这个代码只实现了径向渐变,有兴趣可以在这里停下来自己实现一下填充渐变。完成的代码如下:
javascript>javascript">function drawCircle(circle, isFill, gradientType) {var canvas = document.getElementById("myCanvas");var ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");// 根据渐变类型创建渐变var gradient;if (gradientType === 'linear') {// 创建线性渐变gradient = ctx.createLinearGradient(circle.x, circle.y - circle.radius, circle.x + circle.radius, circle.y + circle.radius);gradient.addColorStop("0", "red");gradient.addColorStop("1", "green");} else if (gradientType === 'radial') {// 创建径向渐变gradient = ctx.createRadialGradient(circle.x, circle.y, 0, circle.x, circle.y, circle.radius);gradient.addColorStop("0", "red");gradient.addColorStop("0.5", "yellow");gradient.addColorStop("1", "green");}if (isFill) {// 应用渐变填充ctx.fillStyle = gradient;} else {// 应用渐变描边ctx.strokeStyle = gradient;ctx.lineWidth = 10; // 可以根据需要调整线宽}ctx.beginPath();ctx.arc(circle.x, circle.y, circle.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2);if (isFill) {ctx.fill();} else {ctx.stroke();}
}// 圆的参数
var circle = {x: 100,y: 100,radius: 50
};// 画一个填充的线性渐变圆
drawCircle(circle, true, 'linear');// 画一个描边的径向渐变圆
// drawCircle(circle, false, 'radial');
拆分函数:
此时我们发现,这个drawCircle函数已经很大了,为了项目的可拓展性和可维护性,我们应该进行一下区分。
javascript>javascript">function createLinearGradient(ctx, circle) {return ctx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, circle.x * 2, circle.y * 2);
}function createRadialGradient(ctx, circle) {return ctx.createRadialGradient(circle.x, circle.y, 0, circle.x, circle.y, circle.radius);
}function applyGradient(ctx, gradient, isFill) {if (isFill) {ctx.fillStyle = gradient;} else {ctx.strokeStyle = gradient;ctx.lineWidth = 10; // 可以根据需要调整线宽}
}function drawCircleWithGradient(ctx, circle, isFill, gradient) {ctx.beginPath();ctx.arc(circle.x, circle.y, circle.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2);if (isFill) {ctx.fill();} else {ctx.stroke();}
}function drawCircle(circle, isFill, gradientType) {var canvas = document.getElementById("myCanvas");var ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");var gradient;if (gradientType === 'linear') {gradient = createLinearGradient(ctx, circle);gradient.addColorStop("0", "red");gradient.addColorStop("1", "green");} else if (gradientType === 'radial') {gradient = createRadialGradient(ctx, circle);gradient.addColorStop("0", "red");gradient.addColorStop("0.5", "yellow");gradient.addColorStop("1", "green");}applyGradient(ctx, gradient, isFill);drawCircleWithGradient(ctx, circle, isFill, gradient);
}// 圆的参数
var circle = {x: 200,y: 200,radius: 100
};// 画一个填充的线性渐变圆
drawCircle(circle, true, 'linear');// 画一个描边的径向渐变圆
// drawCircle(circle, false, 'radial');
拆分为四个函数:
createLinearGradient: 创建线性渐变。
createRadialGradient: 创建径向渐变。
applyGradient: 应用渐变到填充或描边。
drawCircleWithGradient: 使用给定的渐变绘制圆。
drawCircle 函数: 根据传入的 gradientType 参数调用相应的函数创建渐变。
代码的拓展
上面我们已经初步实现了一个圆的渐变,但是也许还可以传入正方形?矩形?三角形?甚至是更多的类型?
首先需要来实现这几种类型:
javascript>javascript">// 绘制圆形
function drawCircle(ctx, x, y, radius, isFill) {ctx.beginPath();ctx.arc(x, y, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2);ctx.fill();ctx.stroke();
}// 绘制矩形
function drawRect(ctx, x, y, width, height, isFill) {ctx.beginPath();ctx.rect(x, y, width, height);ctx.fill();ctx.stroke();
}// 绘制三角形
function drawTriangle(ctx, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, isFill) {ctx.beginPath();ctx.moveTo(x1, y1);ctx.lineTo(x2, y2);ctx.lineTo(x3, y3);ctx.closePath();ctx.fill();ctx.stroke();
}
绘制的时候,就要根据形状来选择分支。我们创建函数drawShape:
javascript>javascript">// 绘制形状
function drawShape(ctx, shape, isFill) {let gradient;switch (shape.type) {case 'circle':gradient = createRadialGradient(ctx, shape.x, shape.y, shape.radius);applyGradient(ctx, gradient, isFill);drawCircle(ctx, shape.x, shape.y, shape.radius, isFill);break;case 'rect':gradient = createLinearGradient(ctx, 0, 0, shape.width, shape.height);applyGradient(ctx, gradient, isFill);drawRect(ctx, shape.x, shape.y, shape.width, shape.height, isFill);break;case 'triangle':gradient = createLinearGradient(ctx, shape.x1, shape.y1, shape.x3, shape.y3);applyGradient(ctx, gradient, isFill);drawTriangle(ctx, shape.x1, shape.y1, shape.x2, shape.y2, shape.x3, shape.y3, isFill);break;// 可以添加更多形状}
}
布豪!发现圆形的渐变似乎有问题!我们来修改一下,并且我们发现js文件已经太大了,我们来拆分一下,下面给出一个完整案例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><title>Canvas 绘图示例</title><!-- 引用外部CSS --><link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body><div class="container"><canvas id="myCanvas" width="600" height="600">您的浏览器不支持 HTML5 Canvas 标签。</canvas></div><!-- 引用外部JavaScript文件 --><script src="js/gradients.js"></script><script src="js/shapes.js"></script><script src="js/main.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
/* styles.css */body {margin: 0;padding: 0;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;background-color: #f0f0f0;
}.container {display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;height: 100vh;
}canvas {border: 2px solid #000;background-color: #fff;box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}
javascript>javascript">// gradients.js// 创建线性渐变
function createLinearGradient(ctx, x1, y1, x2, y2) {const gradient = ctx.createLinearGradient(x1, y1, x2, y2);gradient.addColorStop(0, "red");gradient.addColorStop(1, "green");return gradient;
}// 创建径向渐变
function createRadialGradient(ctx, x, y, r) {const gradient = ctx.createRadialGradient(x, y, 0, x, y, r);gradient.addColorStop(0, "red");gradient.addColorStop(0.5, "yellow");gradient.addColorStop(1, "green");return gradient;
}
javascript>javascript">// shapes.js// 应用渐变
function applyGradient(ctx, gradient, isFill) {if (isFill) {ctx.fillStyle = gradient;} else {ctx.strokeStyle = gradient;ctx.lineWidth = 5; // 可以根据需要调整线宽}
}// 绘制圆形
function drawCircle(ctx, x, y, radius, isFill) {ctx.beginPath();ctx.arc(x, y, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2);if (isFill) {ctx.fill();} else {ctx.stroke();}
}// 绘制矩形
function drawRect(ctx, x, y, width, height, isFill) {ctx.beginPath();ctx.rect(x, y, width, height);if (isFill) {ctx.fill();} else {ctx.stroke();}
}// 绘制三角形
function drawTriangle(ctx, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, isFill) {ctx.beginPath();ctx.moveTo(x1, y1);ctx.lineTo(x2, y2);ctx.lineTo(x3, y3);ctx.closePath();if (isFill) {ctx.fill();} else {ctx.stroke();}
}// 绘制形状
function drawShape(ctx, shape, isFill) {let gradient;switch (shape.type) {case 'circle':gradient = createRadialGradient(ctx, shape.x, shape.y, shape.radius);applyGradient(ctx, gradient, isFill);drawCircle(ctx, shape.x, shape.y, shape.radius, isFill);break;case 'rect':gradient = createLinearGradient(ctx, shape.x, shape.y, shape.x + shape.width, shape.y + shape.height);applyGradient(ctx, gradient, isFill);drawRect(ctx, shape.x, shape.y, shape.width, shape.height, isFill);break;case 'triangle':gradient = createLinearGradient(ctx, shape.x1, shape.y1, shape.x3, shape.y3);applyGradient(ctx, gradient, isFill);drawTriangle(ctx, shape.x1, shape.y1, shape.x2, shape.y2, shape.x3, shape.y3, isFill);break;// 可以添加更多形状default:console.warn(`未知的形状类型: ${shape.type}`);}
}
javascript>javascript">// main.js// 确保所有依赖的脚本已经加载
window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {// 获取Canvas上下文const canvas = document.getElementById("myCanvas");if (!canvas.getContext) {console.error("浏览器不支持 Canvas!");return;}const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");// 定义要绘制的形状const shapes = [{ type: 'circle', x: 300, y: 300, radius: 100, isFill: true },{ type: 'rect', x: 150, y: 150, width: 200, height: 100, isFill: false },{ type: 'triangle', x1: 50, y1: 50, x2: 150, y2: 50, x3: 100, y3: 150, isFill: false }];// 绘制所有形状shapes.forEach(shape => {drawShape(ctx, shape, shape.isFill);});
});
这个项目已经初步搭建了一个有意思的canvas页面,当然我希望它更有意思!
main.js文件上的花活
我们只需要修改main.js文件即可,我们使用随机、循环等方式创建各类对象:
javascript>javascript">// main.js// 确保所有依赖的脚本已经加载
window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {// 获取Canvas上下文const canvas = document.getElementById("myCanvas");if (!canvas.getContext) {console.error("浏览器不支持 Canvas!");return;}const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");// 随机颜色生成函数function getRandomColor() {const letters = '0123456789ABCDEF';let color = '#';for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) {color += letters[Math.floor(Math.random() * 16)];}return color;}// 定义循环生成形状的函数function generateShapes() {const shapes = [];// 生成圆形:随机大小和位置,大小范围拉大for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {const radius = 1 + Math.random() * 30; // 随机大小,30-130const x = Math.random() * (canvas.width - radius * 2) + radius;const y = Math.random() * (canvas.height - radius * 2) + radius;shapes.push({ type: 'circle', x, y, radius, isFill: true, color: getRandomColor() });}// 生成矩形:随机旋转,渐变颜色,大小和位置随机for (let i = 0; i < 30; i++) {const width = 60 + Math.random() * 40;const height = 40 + Math.random() * 30;const x = Math.random() * (canvas.width - width);const y = Math.random() * (canvas.height - height);const angle = Math.random() * Math.PI; // 随机旋转角度shapes.push({ type: 'rect', x, y, width, height, isFill: false, angle });}// 生成三角形:顶点随机,颜色随机for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) {const x1 = Math.random() * canvas.width;const y1 = Math.random() * canvas.height;const x2 = x1 + Math.random() * 100;const y2 = y1 + Math.random() * 100;const x3 = x1 + Math.random() * 50;const y3 = y1 - Math.random() * 100;shapes.push({ type: 'triangle', x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, isFill: true, color: getRandomColor() });}return shapes;}// 获取生成的形状const shapes = generateShapes();// 绘制所有形状shapes.forEach(shape => {// 如果是矩形,先旋转后绘制if (shape.type === 'rect') {ctx.save();ctx.translate(shape.x + shape.width / 2, shape.y + shape.height / 2);ctx.rotate(shape.angle);ctx.translate(-(shape.x + shape.width / 2), -(shape.y + shape.height / 2));drawShape(ctx, shape, shape.isFill);ctx.restore();} else if (shape.type === 'triangle') {ctx.fillStyle = shape.color; // 使用随机颜色填充三角形drawShape(ctx, shape, shape.isFill);} else if (shape.type === 'circle') {ctx.fillStyle = shape.color; // 使用随机颜色填充圆形drawShape(ctx, shape, shape.isFill);}});
});
当然,这个项目看上去依然存在问题,还可以进一步拓展等,更多奇妙的故事等你自己去探索吧~