JAVA设计模式之【单例模式】

1 类图

2 饿汉式单例

例如：静态块、静态成员

2.1 概念

类加载的时候就立即初始化，并且创建单例对象

2.2 优点

没有加任何的锁、执行效率比较高

2.3 缺点

类加载的时候就初始化，不管用与不用都占着空间，浪费了内存。

3 懒汉式单例

3.1 直接：线程不安全

java">public class LazySimpleSingleton {private LazySimpleSingleton(){}//静态块，公共内存区域private static LazySimpleSingleton lazy = null;public  static LazySimpleSingleton getInstance(){if(lazy == null){lazy = new LazySimpleSingleton();}return lazy;}
}

3.2 同步方法

java">public class LazySimpleSingleton {private LazySimpleSingleton(){}//静态块，公共内存区域private static LazySimpleSingleton lazy = null;public synchronized static LazySimpleSingleton getInstance(){if(lazy == null){lazy = new LazySimpleSingleton();}return lazy;}
}

3.2.1 优化CPU：双重检查锁

java">public class LazyDoubleCheckSingleton {private volatile static LazyDoubleCheckSingleton lazy = null;private LazyDoubleCheckSingleton(){}public static LazyDoubleCheckSingleton getInstance(){if(lazy == null){synchronized (LazyDoubleCheckSingleton.class){if(lazy == null){lazy = new LazyDoubleCheckSingleton();//1.分配内存给这个对象//2.初始化对象//3.设置lazy指向刚分配的内存地址//4.初次访问对象}}}return lazy;}
}

3.2.2 IDEA 环境下的多线程调试

3.3 静态内部类

这种形式兼顾饿汉式的内存浪费，也兼顾synchronized性能问题，完美地屏蔽了这两个缺点

java">//史上最牛B的单例模式的实现方式
public class LazyInnerClassSingleton {//默认使用LazyInnerClassGeneral的时候，会先初始化内部类//如果没使用的话，内部类是不加载的private LazyInnerClassSingleton(){if(LazyHolder.LAZY != null){throw new RuntimeException("不允许创建多个实例");}}//每一个关键字都不是多余的//static 是为了使单例的空间共享//保证这个方法不会被重写，重载public static final LazyInnerClassSingleton getInstance(){//在返回结果以前，一定会先加载内部类return LazyHolder.LAZY;}//默认不加载private static class LazyHolder{private static final LazyInnerClassSingleton LAZY = new LazyInnerClassSingleton();}
}

3.3.1 反射破坏单例

在构造函数上抛出异常

java">    private LazyInnerClassSingleton(){if(LazyHolder.LAZY != null){throw new RuntimeException("不允许创建多个实例");}}

3.3.2 序列化破坏单例

增加 readResolve()方法

java">public class SeriableSingleton implements Serializable {public  final static SeriableSingleton INSTANCE = new SeriableSingleton();private SeriableSingleton(){}public static SeriableSingleton getInstance(){return INSTANCE;}private  Object readResolve(){return  INSTANCE;}
}

4 注册式单例

4.1 枚举式单例

利用jdk特性。具有线程安全、实例唯一（杜绝反序列化破坏单例）的特点。

java">public enum EnumSingleton {INSTANCE;private Object data;public Object getData() {return data;}public void setData(Object data) {this.data = data;}public static EnumSingleton getInstance(){return INSTANCE;}
}

4.1.1 优点

线程安全、实例唯一

4.2 容器缓存写法

java">public class ContainerSingleton {private ContainerSingleton(){}private static Map<String,Object> ioc = new ConcurrentHashMap<String,Object>();public static Object getInstance(String className){synchronized (ioc) {if (!ioc.containsKey(className)) {Object obj = null;try {obj = Class.forName(className).newInstance();ioc.put(className, obj);} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return obj;} else {return ioc.get(className);}}}
}

4.2.1 优点

对象方便管理、懒加载

4.2.2 缺点

不加上synchronized存在线程安全问题

5 ThreadLocal-线程单例

5.1 写法

java">public class ThreadLocalSingleton {private static final ThreadLocal<ThreadLocalSingleton> threadLocalInstance =new ThreadLocal<ThreadLocalSingleton>(){@Overrideprotected ThreadLocalSingleton initialValue() {return new ThreadLocalSingleton();}};private ThreadLocalSingleton(){}public static ThreadLocalSingleton getInstance(){return threadLocalInstance.get();}
}

5.2 优点

保证在单个线程中是唯一