---

  题目：

332. 重新安排行程

给你一份航线列表 tickets ，其中 tickets[i] = [fromi, toi] 表示飞机出发和降落的机场地点。请你对该行程进行重新规划排序。

所有这些机票都属于一个从 JFK（肯尼迪国际机场）出发的先生，所以该行程必须从 JFK 开始。如果存在多种有效的行程，请你按字典排序返回最小的行程组合。

• 例如，行程 ["JFK", "LGA"] 与 ["JFK", "LGB"] 相比就更小，排序更靠前。

假定所有机票至少存在一种合理的行程。且所有的机票 必须都用一次 且 只能用一次。

示例 1：

输入：tickets = [["MUC","LHR"],["JFK","MUC"],["SFO","SJC"],["LHR","SFO"]]
输出：["JFK","MUC","LHR","SFO","SJC"]

示例 2：

输入：tickets = [["JFK","SFO"],["JFK","ATL"],["SFO","ATL"],["ATL","JFK"],["ATL","SFO"]]
输出：["JFK","ATL","JFK","SFO","ATL","SFO"]
解释：另一种有效的行程是 ["JFK","SFO","ATL","JFK","ATL","SFO"] ，但是它字典排序更大更靠后。

提示：

• 1 <= tickets.length <= 300
• tickets[i].length == 2
• fromi.length == 3
• toi.length == 3
• fromi 和 toi 由大写英文字母组成
• fromi != toi

---

思考历程与知识点： 

这道题目有几个难点：

1. 一个行程中，如果航班处理不好容易变成一个圈，成为死循环
2. 有多种解法，字母序靠前排在前面，让很多同学望而退步，如何该记录映射关系呢 ？
3. 使用回溯法（也可以说深搜） 的话，那么终止条件是什么呢？
4. 搜索的过程中，如何遍历一个机场所对应的所有机场。

---

 题解：

class Solution {
private:
// unordered_map<出发机场, map<到达机场, 航班次数>> targets
unordered_map<string, map<string, int>> targets;
bool backtracking(int ticketNum, vector<string>& result) {if (result.size() == ticketNum + 1) {return true;}for (pair<const string, int>& target : targets[result[result.size() - 1]]) {if (target.second > 0 ) { // 记录到达机场是否飞过了result.push_back(target.first);target.second--;if (backtracking(ticketNum, result)) return true;result.pop_back();target.second++;}}return false;
}
public:vector<string> findItinerary(vector<vector<string>>& tickets) {targets.clear();vector<string> result;for (const vector<string>& vec : tickets) {targets[vec[0]][vec[1]]++; // 记录映射关系}result.push_back("JFK"); // 起始机场backtracking(tickets.size(), result);return result;}
};

---

  题目：

51. N 皇后

按照国际象棋的规则，皇后可以攻击与之处在同一行或同一列或同一斜线上的棋子。

n 皇后问题 研究的是如何将 n 个皇后放置在 n×n 的棋盘上，并且使皇后彼此之间不能相互攻击。

给你一个整数 n ，返回所有不同的 n 皇后问题 的解决方案。

每一种解法包含一个不同的 n 皇后问题 的棋子放置方案，该方案中 'Q' 和 '.' 分别代表了皇后和空位。

示例 1：

输入：n = 4
输出：[[".Q..","...Q","Q...","..Q."],["..Q.","Q...","...Q",".Q.."]]
解释：如上图所示，4 皇后问题存在两个不同的解法。

示例 2：

输入：n = 1
输出：[["Q"]]

提示：

• 1 <= n <= 9

---

题解： 

class Solution {
private:
vector<vector<string>> result;
// n 为输入的棋盘大小
// row 是当前递归到棋盘的第几行了
void backtracking(int n, int row, vector<string>& chessboard) {if (row == n) {result.push_back(chessboard);return;}for (int col = 0; col < n; col++) {if (isValid(row, col, chessboard, n)) { // 验证合法就可以放chessboard[row][col] = 'Q'; // 放置皇后backtracking(n, row + 1, chessboard);chessboard[row][col] = '.'; // 回溯，撤销皇后}}
}
bool isValid(int row, int col, vector<string>& chessboard, int n) {// 检查列for (int i = 0; i < row; i++) { // 这是一个剪枝if (chessboard[i][col] == 'Q') {return false;}}// 检查 45度角是否有皇后for (int i = row - 1, j = col - 1; i >=0 && j >= 0; i--, j--) {if (chessboard[i][j] == 'Q') {return false;}}// 检查 135度角是否有皇后for(int i = row - 1, j = col + 1; i >= 0 && j < n; i--, j++) {if (chessboard[i][j] == 'Q') {return false;}}return true;
}
public:vector<vector<string>> solveNQueens(int n) {result.clear();std::vector<std::string> chessboard(n, std::string(n, '.'));backtracking(n, 0, chessboard);return result;}
};

---

  题目：

37. 解数独

编写一个程序，通过填充空格来解决数独问题。

数独的解法需 遵循如下规则：

1. 数字 1-9 在每一行只能出现一次。
2. 数字 1-9 在每一列只能出现一次。
3. 数字 1-9 在每一个以粗实线分隔的 3x3 宫内只能出现一次。（请参考示例图）

数独部分空格内已填入了数字，空白格用 '.' 表示。

示例 1：

输入：board = [["5","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."],["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."],[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."],["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"],["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"],["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"],[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."],[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"],[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]]
输出：[["5","3","4","6","7","8","9","1","2"],["6","7","2","1","9","5","3","4","8"],["1","9","8","3","4","2","5","6","7"],["8","5","9","7","6","1","4","2","3"],["4","2","6","8","5","3","7","9","1"],["7","1","3","9","2","4","8","5","6"],["9","6","1","5","3","7","2","8","4"],["2","8","7","4","1","9","6","3","5"],["3","4","5","2","8","6","1","7","9"]]
解释：输入的数独如上图所示，唯一有效的解决方案如下所示：

提示：

• board.length == 9
• board[i].length == 9
• board[i][j] 是一位数字或者 '.'
• 题目数据 保证 输入数独仅有一个解

---

思考历程与知识点： 

一个for循环遍历棋盘的行，一个for循环遍历棋盘的列，一行一列确定下来之后，递归遍历这个位置放9个数字的可能性

---

 题解：

class Solution {
private:
bool backtracking(vector<vector<char>>& board) {for (int i = 0; i < board.size(); i++) {        // 遍历行for (int j = 0; j < board[0].size(); j++) { // 遍历列if (board[i][j] == '.') {for (char k = '1'; k <= '9'; k++) {     // (i, j) 这个位置放k是否合适if (isValid(i, j, k, board)) {board[i][j] = k;                // 放置kif (backtracking(board)) return true; // 如果找到合适一组立刻返回board[i][j] = '.';              // 回溯，撤销k}}return false;  // 9个数都试完了，都不行，那么就返回false}}}return true; // 遍历完没有返回false，说明找到了合适棋盘位置了
}
bool isValid(int row, int col, char val, vector<vector<char>>& board) {for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) { // 判断行里是否重复if (board[row][i] == val) {return false;}}for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++) { // 判断列里是否重复if (board[j][col] == val) {return false;}}int startRow = (row / 3) * 3;int startCol = (col / 3) * 3;for (int i = startRow; i < startRow + 3; i++) { // 判断9方格里是否重复for (int j = startCol; j < startCol + 3; j++) {if (board[i][j] == val ) {return false;}}}return true;
}
public:void solveSudoku(vector<vector<char>>& board) {backtracking(board);}
};

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