ForkJoinPool

ForkJoinPool是一种“分治算法”的多线程并行计算框架，自Java7引入。它将一个大的任务分为若干个子任务，这些子任务分别计算，然后合并出最终结果。
ForkJoinPool比普通的线程池可以更好地实现计算的负载均衡，提高资源利用率。

创建ForkJoinPool

构造方法

共有三个public的构造方法，最多的有4个参数，分别是并行度、工作线程工厂，线程未捕获异常的处理器、工作队列模式（FIFO或LIFO，默认是LIFO）、工作线程名称前缀。一般在使用无参或一个参数的构造方法即可,（或者使用commonPool），如果需要定制线程继承ForkJoinWorkerThread，则使用4个参数的构造方法。

//ForkJoinPool.commonPool();
public ForkJoinPool() {this(Math.min(MAX_CAP, Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()),defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, null, false);
}
public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism) {this(parallelism, defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, null, false);
}
public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism,ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory,UncaughtExceptionHandler handler,boolean asyncMode) {this(checkParallelism(parallelism),checkFactory(factory), handler, asyncMode ? FIFO_QUEUE : LIFO_QUEUE,"ForkJoinPool-" + nextPoolId() + "-worker-");checkPermission();
}private ForkJoinPool(int parallelism,ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory,UncaughtExceptionHandler handler,int mode, String workerNamePrefix) {this.workerNamePrefix = workerNamePrefix;this.factory = factory;this.ueh = handler;this.config = (parallelism & SMASK) | mode;long np = (long)(-parallelism); // offset ctl countsthis.ctl = ((np << AC_SHIFT) & AC_MASK) | ((np << TC_SHIFT) & TC_MASK);
}

RecursiveAction和RecursiveTask

这两个类都是ForkJoinTask子类，用于实现子任务的逻辑。区别是前者没有返回值，后者有返回值。使用时，针对不同类型的任务，可以分别继承这两个类，实现其compute方法。

使用

案例1（RecursiveAction）：快速排序

基本思想：
1、利用数组的某个元素（一般取第一个元素）把数组划分成两半，左边子数组里面的元素小于等于该元素，右边子数组里面的元素大于等于该元素。
2、对左右的2个子数组分别排序。
将数组划分为两部分后，对子数组分别排序是独立的子问题，这个过程可以递归分解子问题，所以可以利用多个线程分别为子数组排序。

package com.example.demo;import org.junit.Test;import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.StringJoiner;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.stream.Stream;public class ForkJoinTest {ForkJoinPool pool = ForkJoinPool.commonPool();SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom();@Testpublic void testSort() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {StringJoiner before = new StringJoiner(",","[","]");//20个数的数组int[] arr = getRandomIntArray(20);Arrays.stream(arr).mapToObj(String::valueOf).forEach(before::add);System.out.println(before.toString());Instant start = Instant.now();ForkJoinTask<Void> task = pool.submit(new QuickSortTask(arr));//阻塞直到完成排序task.get();long i = Duration.between(start,Instant.now()).get(ChronoUnit.NANOS);System.out.println("排序时间：" + i + "纳秒");StringJoiner after = new StringJoiner(",","[","]");Arrays.stream(arr).mapToObj(String::valueOf).forEach(after::add);System.out.println(after.toString());}private int[] getRandomIntArray(int count) {int bound = count * 10;int[] array = new int[count];for (int i = 0; i < count; i++){array[i] = random.nextInt(bound);}return array;}public static class QuickSortTask extends RecursiveAction {private int start;private int end;private int[] array;public QuickSortTask(int[] array){this.array = array;this.start = 0;this.end = array.length-1;}public QuickSortTask(int[] array, int start, int end) {this.array = array;this.start = start;this.end = end;}@Overrideprotected void compute() {int mid = part(array, start, end);//当左边还有元素时if (mid != start) {QuickSortTask task1 = new QuickSortTask(array, start, mid - 1);task1.fork();task1.join();}//当右边还有元素时if (mid != end) {QuickSortTask task2 = new QuickSortTask(array, mid + 1, end);task2.fork();task2.join();}}/*** <p>返回基准值的下标，基准值左的元素都小于等于基准值，基准值右的元素大于等于基准值</p>* @param array* @param start* @param end* @return*/private int part(int[] array, int start, int end) {int i = start, j = end;//基准值的下标int base = start;//左右扫描相遇时结束while (i < j) {//从右向左扫描，如果当前值比基准值小，则置换，已经置换过的元素不再扫描（j的右边）while (i < j && array[j] >= array[base]) {j--;}if (i < j) {swap(array, j, base);base = j;}//从左向右扫描，如果当前值比基准值大，则置换，已经置换过的元素不再扫描（i的左边）while (i < j && array[i] <= array[base]) {i++;}if (i < j) {swap(array,i, base);base = i;}}return base;}private void swap(int[] array, int x, int y) {if (x != y) {int temp = array[x];array[x] = array[y];array[y] = temp;}}}
}

案例2（RecursiveTask）：求和

例如从1加到100，如果不用高斯的方法，可以用程序实现累加，将数拆分成小组，每个小组互相独立，每个小组组内分别相加，最后把组的结果相加，这个过程可以使用ForkJoin。
RecursiveTask<T>

package com.example.demo;import org.junit.Test;import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.StringJoiner;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.stream.Stream;public class ForkJoinTest {ForkJoinPool pool = ForkJoinPool.commonPool();@Testpublic void testSum() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {ForkJoinTask<Integer> submit = pool.submit(new SumTask(1, 100));System.out.println(submit.get());}public static class SumTask extends RecursiveTask<Integer>{private int startNum;private int endNum;//决定当子任务处理的元素个数小于此值时不再切分任务，直接进行计算private static final int THRESHOLD = 10;public SumTask(int startNum, int endNum){this.startNum = startNum;this.endNum = endNum;}@Overrideprotected Integer compute() {int sum = 0;if (endNum - startNum + 1 < THRESHOLD){for (int i = startNum; i <= endNum; i++){sum += i;}return sum;}int mid = split(startNum, endNum);SumTask task1 = new SumTask(startNum, mid);SumTask task2 = new SumTask(mid + 1, endNum);ForkJoinTask<Integer> fork1 = task1.fork();ForkJoinTask<Integer> fork2 = task2.fork();sum = fork1.join() + fork2.join();return sum;}private int split(int startNum, int endNum) {return (startNum + endNum)/2;}}
}

关闭

和ThreadPoolExecutor一样，ForkJoinPool使用完也要关闭,依然是使用shutdown和shutdownNow方法，shutdown只拒绝新提交的任务；shutdownNow会取消现有的全局队列和局部队列中的任务，同时唤醒所有空闲的线程，让这些线程自动退出。

public void shutdown();
public List<Runnable> shutdownNow();

ForkJoinPool pl=new ForkJoinPool();
try {boolean flag;do {flag = pl.awaitTermination(500,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);} while (!flag);
} catch (Exception e){e.printStackTrace();
}