pprof
pprof是Google的程序采样分析工具，其使用分为，采样和分析。Go 语言内置了pprof。
Go 语言库中有两种方式使用pprof，一种是通过net/http/pprof库，另一种是通过runtime/pprof库。
net/http/pprof的简单使用
引入 _ "net/http/pprof"库，开启http://localhost:6060端口的服务，注意其ListenAndServe的addr是可以指定的，handler参数为nil。
package mainimport ("math/rand""net/http"_ "net/http/pprof""runtime""sync""time"
)func main() {runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(1) // 开启对锁调用的跟踪runtime.SetBlockProfileRate(1) // 开启对阻塞的跟踪go func() {if err := http.ListenAndServe(":6060", nil); err != nil {panic(err)}}()wg := new(sync.WaitGroup)randFunction(wg)wg.Wait()
}func randFunction(wg *sync.WaitGroup) {rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {wg.Add(1)go func() {defer wg.Done()s := make([]int, rand.Intn(100000))time.Sleep(time.Second * time.Duration(rand.Intn(999999)))_ = s}()}
}
启动程序后，打开浏览器输入：http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/。可见如下页面：
配置文件说明：
allocs(分配)： 所有过去内存分配的样本
block(阻塞)：导致同步基元阻塞的堆栈跟踪
cmdline(命令行程序)：当前程序的命令行调用
goroutine(协程信息)：当前所有 goroutines 的堆栈跟踪
heap(堆信息)：活动对象的内存分配采样。您可以指定 gc GET 参数以在获取堆示例之前运行 GC
mutex(锁信息)：争用互斥锁持有者的堆栈跟踪
profile(配置信息)：CPU 配置文件。您可以在秒 GET 参数中指定持续时间。获取配置文件后，使用 go 工具 pprof 命令调查配置文件。
threadcreate(线程创建)：导致创建新的操作系统线的程堆栈跟踪
trace(跟踪)：当前程序执行的跟踪。您可以在秒 GET 参数中指定持续时间。获取跟踪文件后，使用 go 工具跟踪命令调查跟踪
full goroutine stack dump：dump 所有协程的栈信息
蓝色文字前的数字描述了该操作的“具体数量”
蓝色超链接是可以点击的，比如点击：goroutine
跳转到了http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/goroutine?debug=1链接，这里展示了goroutine的跟踪信息。
将http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/goroutine?debug=1中结尾的?debug=1去掉，即可下载当前goroutine的跟踪信息到文件，可用具体的分析工具对其进行分析。
go tool pprof 分析工具
-h 选项可以查看帮助信息。
该工具可以静态分析数据文件，也可以动态的网络流分析。
可以看出pprof <format> [options] [binary] <source> ... pprof 其后可跟一个source，这个source可以是从浏览器下载(curl 也可以获取，或使用runtime/pprof生成)的数据问文件，也可以是一个链接
...\example>go tool pprof -h
usage:Produce output in the specified format. pprof <format> [options] [binary] <source> ...Omit the format to get an interactive shell whose commands can be used
to generate various views of a profilepprof [options] [binary] <source> ...Omit the format and provide the "-http" flag to get an interactive web
interface at the specified host:port that can be used to navigate through
various views of a profile. pprof -http [host]:[port] [options] [binary] <source> ...Details:Output formats (select at most one):-callgrind Outputs a graph in callgrind format-comments Output all profile comments-disasm Output assembly listings annotated with samples-dot Outputs a graph in DOT format-eog Visualize graph through eog-evince Visualize graph through evince-gif Outputs a graph image in GIF format-gv Visualize graph through gv-kcachegrind Visualize report in KCachegrind-list Output annotated source for functions matching regexp-pdf Outputs a graph in PDF format-peek Output callers/callees of functions matching regexp-png Outputs a graph image in PNG format-proto Outputs the profile in compressed protobuf format-ps Outputs a graph in PS format-raw Outputs a text representation of the raw profile-svg Outputs a graph in SVG format-tags Outputs all tags in the profile-text Outputs top entries in text form-top Outputs top entries in text form-topproto Outputs top entries in compressed protobuf format-traces Outputs all profile samples in text form-tree Outputs a text rendering of call graph-web Visualize graph through web browser-weblist Display annotated source in a web browserOptions:-call_tree Create a context-sensitive call tree-compact_labels Show minimal headers-divide_by Ratio to divide all samples before visualization-drop_negative Ignore negative differences-edgefraction Hide edges below <f>*total-focus Restricts to samples going through a node matching regexp-hide Skips nodes matching regexp-ignore Skips paths going through any nodes matching regexp-intel_syntax Show assembly in Intel syntax-mean Average sample value over first value (count)-nodecount Max number of nodes to show-nodefraction Hide nodes below <f>*total-noinlines Ignore inlines.-normalize Scales profile based on the base profile.-output Output filename for file-based outputs-prune_from Drops any functions below the matched frame.-relative_percentages Show percentages relative to focused subgraph-sample_index Sample value to report (0-based index or name)-show Only show nodes matching regexp-show_from Drops functions above the highest matched frame.-source_path Search path for source files-tagfocus Restricts to samples with tags in range or matched by regexp-taghide Skip tags matching this regexp-tagignore Discard samples with tags in range or matched by regexp-tagleaf Adds pseudo stack frames for labels key/value pairs at the callstack leaf.-tagroot Adds pseudo stack frames for labels key/value pairs at the callstack root.-tagshow Only consider tags matching this regexp-trim Honor nodefraction/edgefraction/nodecount defaults-trim_path Path to trim from source paths before search-unit Measurement units to displayOption groups (only set one per group):granularity-functions Aggregate at the function level.-filefunctions Aggregate at the function level.-files Aggregate at the file level.-lines Aggregate at the source code line level.-addresses Aggregate at the address level.sort-cum Sort entries based on cumulative weight-flat Sort entries based on own weightSource options:-seconds Duration for time-based profile collection-timeout Timeout in seconds for profile collection-buildid Override build id for main binary-add_comment Free-form annotation to add to the profileDisplayed on some reports or with pprof -comments-diff_base source Source of base profile for comparison-base source Source of base profile for profile subtractionprofile.pb.gz Profile in compressed protobuf formatlegacy_profile Profile in legacy pprof formathttp://host/profile URL for profile handler to retrieve-symbolize= Controls source of symbol informationnone Do not attempt symbolizationlocal Examine only local binariesfastlocal Only get function names from local binariesremote Do not examine local binariesforce Force re-symbolizationBinary Local path or build id of binary for symbolization-tls_cert TLS client certificate file for fetching profile and symbols-tls_key TLS private key file for fetching profile and symbols-tls_ca TLS CA certs file for fetching profile and symbolsMisc options:-http Provide web interface at host:port.Host is optional and 'localhost' by default.Port is optional and a randomly available port by default.-no_browser Skip opening a browser for the interactive web UI.-tools Search path for object toolsLegacy convenience options:-inuse_space Same as -sample_index=inuse_space-inuse_objects Same as -sample_index=inuse_objects-alloc_space Same as -sample_index=alloc_space-alloc_objects Same as -sample_index=alloc_objects-total_delay Same as -sample_index=delay-contentions Same as -sample_index=contentions-mean_delay Same as -mean -sample_index=delayEnvironment Variables:PPROF_TMPDIR Location for saved profiles (default $HOME/pprof)PPROF_TOOLS Search path for object-level toolsPPROF_BINARY_PATH Search path for local binary filesdefault: $HOME/pprof/binariessearches $name, $path, $buildid/$name, $path/$buildid* On Windows, %USERPROFILE% is used instead of $HOME
使用go tool pprof http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/allocs分析当前应用内存信息。
...\Desktop\example>go tool pprof http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/allocs
Fetching profile over HTTP from http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/allocs
Saved profile in
...\pprof\pprof.alloc_objects.alloc_space.inuse_objects.inuse_space.002.pb.gz
Type: alloc_space
Time: Jan 22, 2023 at 4:28pm (CST)
Entering interactive mode (type "help" for commands, "o" for options)
(pprof)
可以发现，该命令行是交互式的。
输入help 可以查看其支持的所有子命令。
(pprof) helpCommands:callgrind Outputs a graph in callgrind formatcomments Output all profile commentsdisasm Output assembly listings annotated with samplesdot Outputs a graph in DOT formateog Visualize graph through eogevince Visualize graph through evincegif Outputs a graph image in GIF formatgv Visualize graph through gvkcachegrind Visualize report in KCachegrindlist Output annotated source for functions matching regexppdf Outputs a graph in PDF formatpeek Output callers/callees of functions matching regexppng Outputs a graph image in PNG formatproto Outputs the profile in compressed protobuf formatps Outputs a graph in PS formatraw Outputs a text representation of the raw profilesvg Outputs a graph in SVG formattags Outputs all tags in the profiletext Outputs top entries in text formtop Outputs top entries in text formtopproto Outputs top entries in compressed protobuf formattraces Outputs all profile samples in text formtree Outputs a text rendering of call graphweb Visualize graph through web browserweblist Display annotated source in a web browsero/options List options and their current valuesq/quit/exit/^D Exit pprofOptions:call_tree Create a context-sensitive call treecompact_labels Show minimal headersdivide_by Ratio to divide all samples before visualizationdrop_negative Ignore negative differencesedgefraction Hide edges below <f>*totalfocus Restricts to samples going through a node matching regexphide Skips nodes matching regexpignore Skips paths going through any nodes matching regexpintel_syntax Show assembly in Intel syntaxmean Average sample value over first value (count)nodecount Max number of nodes to shownodefraction Hide nodes below <f>*totalnoinlines Ignore inlines.normalize Scales profile based on the base profile.output Output filename for file-based outputsprune_from Drops any functions below the matched frame.relative_percentages Show percentages relative to focused subgraphsample_index Sample value to report (0-based index or name)show Only show nodes matching regexpshow_from Drops functions above the highest matched frame.source_path Search path for source filestagfocus Restricts to samples with tags in range or matched by regexptaghide Skip tags matching this regexptagignore Discard samples with tags in range or matched by regexptagleaf Adds pseudo stack frames for labels key/value pairs at the callstack leaf.tagroot Adds pseudo stack frames for labels key/value pairs at the callstack root.tagshow Only consider tags matching this regexptrim Honor nodefraction/edgefraction/nodecount defaultstrim_path Path to trim from source paths before searchunit Measurement units to displayOption groups (only set one per group):granularityfunctions Aggregate at the function level.filefunctions Aggregate at the function level.files Aggregate at the file level.lines Aggregate at the source code line level.addresses Aggregate at the address level.sortcum Sort entries based on cumulative weightflat Sort entries based on own weight: Clear focus/ignore/hide/tagfocus/tagignoretype "help <cmd|option>" for more information
(pprof)
使用top，就可以查看所有内存占用信息
(pprof) top
Showing nodes accounting for 46504.27kB, 100% of 46504.27kB total
Showing top 10 nodes out of 34flat flat% sum% cum cum%
42900.35kB 92.25% 92.25% 42900.35kB 92.25% main.randFunction.func1902.59kB 1.94% 94.19% 1553.21kB 3.34% compress/flate.NewWriter650.62kB 1.40% 95.59% 650.62kB 1.40% compress/flate.(*compressor).init514kB 1.11% 96.70% 514kB 1.11% bufio.NewWriterSize (inline)512.50kB 1.10% 97.80% 512.50kB 1.10% runtime.allocm512.20kB 1.10% 98.90% 512.20kB 1.10% runtime.malg512.01kB 1.10% 100% 512.01kB 1.10% runtime/pprof.printCountProfile.func10 0% 100% 1553.21kB 3.34% compress/gzip.(*Writer).Write0 0% 100% 2065.22kB 4.44% net/http.(*ServeMux).ServeHTTP0 0% 100% 2579.22kB 5.55% net/http.(*conn).serve
(pprof)
输入top n(1个有效的数字)，可以查看前n项内存分配信息
(pprof) top 3
Showing nodes accounting for 44453.56kB, 95.59% of 46504.27kB total
Showing top 3 nodes out of 34flat flat% sum% cum cum%
42900.35kB 92.25% 92.25% 42900.35kB 92.25% main.randFunction.func1902.59kB 1.94% 94.19% 1553.21kB 3.34% compress/flate.NewWriter650.62kB 1.40% 95.59% 650.62kB 1.40% compress/flate.(*compressor).init
(pprof)
可见，上边的信息最后一列是具体的包名.函数名
使用 list 包名.函数名 可以查看该函数具体内存分配信息
(pprof) list main.randFunction.func1
Total: 45.41MB
ROUTINE ======================== main.randFunction.func1 in
...\example\main\main.go41.89MB 41.89MB (flat, cum) 92.25% of Total. . 28: rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano()). . 29: for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {. . 30: wg.Add(1). . 31: go func() {. . 32: defer wg.Done()41.89MB 41.89MB 33: s := make([]int, rand.Intn(100000)). . 34: time.Sleep(time.Second * time.Duration(rand.Intn(999999))). . 35: _ = s. . 36: }(). . 37: }. . 38:}
(pprof)
可以看出导致大量内存分配的罪魁祸首是s := make([]int, rand.Intn(100000))，分配了41.89MB内存
41.89MB 41.89MB 33: s := make([]int, rand.Intn(100000))
输入 web 可以在web端以图的方式展现信息
(pprof) web
failed to execute dot. Is Graphviz installed? Error: exec: "dot": executable file not found in %PATH%
(pprof)
上边说的是让我们安装Graphviz这个工具。需把该命令加入环境变量的PATH中。
在http://www.graphviz.org/该网站中Download即可。
安装时根据个人喜好，选择环境变量。
此时重启一次命令行，并重新输入
...\example>go tool pprof http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/allocs
Fetching profile over HTTP from http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/allocs
Saved profile in
...\pprof\pprof.alloc_objects.alloc_space.inuse_objects.inuse_space.005.pb.gz
Type: alloc_space
Time: Jan 22, 2023 at 4:46pm (CST)
Entering interactive mode (type "help" for commands, "o" for options)
(pprof) web
(pprof)
便可查看具体函数内存占用。同理还可以查看其他指标的信息。
节点颜色：
红色：累计值cum为正，并且很大
绿色：累计值cum为负，并且很大
灰色：cum可以忽略不计
节点字体大小：
较大的字体表示当前值较大
较小的字体表示当前值较小
边框颜色：
红色：当前值较大并且为正
绿色：当前值较小并未为负
灰色：当前值接近0
箭头大小：
箭头越粗：当前路径消耗的资源越多
箭头越细：当前路径消耗的资源越少
箭头线性：
虚线：两个节点间某些节点可以被忽略，为间接调用
实现：两个节点间为直接调用
在url中可以使用second指定采样的时间：http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/trace?seconds=5，采样时间为5秒。
使用tree命令可以查找到函数的调用链
(pprof) tree
Showing nodes accounting for 44816.50kB, 100% of 44816.50kB total
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------flat flat% sum% cum cum% calls calls% + context----------------------------------------------------------+-------------
43791.80kB 97.71% 97.71% 43791.80kB 97.71% | main.randFunction.func1
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.newm512.50kB 1.14% 98.86% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.allocm
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.20kB 100% | runtime.newproc1512.20kB 1.14% 100% 512.20kB 1.14% | runtime.malg
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------0 0% 100% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.mstart512.50kB 100% | runtime.mstart0
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.mstart0 0% 100% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.mstart0512.50kB 100% | runtime.mstart1
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.mstart00 0% 100% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.mstart1512.50kB 100% | runtime.schedule
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.startm0 0% 100% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.newm512.50kB 100% | runtime.allocm
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.20kB 100% | runtime.systemstack0 0% 100% 512.20kB 1.14% | runtime.newproc.func1512.20kB 100% | runtime.newproc1
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.20kB 100% | runtime.newproc.func10 0% 100% 512.20kB 1.14% | runtime.newproc1512.20kB 100% | runtime.malg
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.schedule0 0% 100% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.resetspinning512.50kB 100% | runtime.wakep
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.mstart10 0% 100% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.schedule512.50kB 100% | runtime.resetspinning
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.wakep0 0% 100% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.startm512.50kB 100% | runtime.newm
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------0 0% 100% 512.20kB 1.14% | runtime.systemstack512.20kB 100% | runtime.newproc.func1
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.resetspinning0 0% 100% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.wakep512.50kB 100% | runtime.startm
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------
(pprof)
tree runtime.newm
(pprof) tree runtime.newm
Active filters:focus=runtime.newm
Showing nodes accounting for 512.50kB, 1.14% of 44816.50kB total
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------flat flat% sum% cum cum% calls calls% + context
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.newm512.50kB 1.14% 1.14% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.allocm
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------0 0% 1.14% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.mstart512.50kB 100% | runtime.mstart0
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.mstart0 0% 1.14% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.mstart0512.50kB 100% | runtime.mstart1
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.mstart00 0% 1.14% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.mstart1512.50kB 100% | runtime.schedule
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.startm0 0% 1.14% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.newm512.50kB 100% | runtime.allocm
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.schedule0 0% 1.14% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.resetspinning512.50kB 100% | runtime.wakep
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.mstart10 0% 1.14% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.schedule512.50kB 100% | runtime.resetspinning
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.wakep0 0% 1.14% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.startm512.50kB 100% | runtime.newm
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------512.50kB 100% | runtime.resetspinning0 0% 1.14% 512.50kB 1.14% | runtime.wakep512.50kB 100% | runtime.startm
----------------------------------------------------------+-------------
(pprof)
火焰图
go tool 也内置了火焰图分析工具。
使用
go tool pprof -http :6061 http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/profile?second=30
在收集30秒信息后会自动打开浏览器，显示火焰图。
在VIEW中选择Flame Graph。查看火焰图。
火焰图说明：
root代表程序的开始，单击每个函数可以查看具体信息。
其他框分别代表一个函数，每一层的函数都为平级的，下一层函数被上一层函数所调用。
函数调用栈越长，火焰越明亮。
框越长，颜色越深，代表该函数CPU时间占用越久。
trace 事件跟踪的简单使用
trace可以获取更加详细的调用链信息。
获取30秒trace信息：http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/trace?second=30
通过浏览器下载该文件。
切换到文件所在路径，执行go tool trace trace最后的trace为刚刚下载的文件名。
程序自动打开了浏览器：
点击View trace，查看trace信息：
Reference
《Go 语言底层原理剖析》
