1. 摄像机环绕观察
texture两个文件以及shader就是之前的版本
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>#include <iostream>
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <cmath>
#include "shader.h"#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;float mixValue = 0.2f;int main() {//1.初始化配置glfwInit();glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);#ifdef __APPLE__glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GLFW_TRUE);
#endif // __APPLE__//2.gltf 窗口创建GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LeranOpenGL", NULL, NULL);if (window == NULL) {std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;glfwTerminate();return -1;}glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);//3. 加载所有GL函数指针if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;return -1;}Shader ourShader("./texture.vs", "./texture.fs");//4. 设置顶点数据float vertices[] = {-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f};unsigned int indices[] = {0, 1, 3, // first triangle1, 2, 3 // second triangle};unsigned int VBO, VAO, EBO;glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);//元素缓冲对象：Element Buffer Object，EBO glBindVertexArray(VAO);//复制顶点数组到缓冲区中供opengl使用glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);//设置顶点属性指针glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);//设置纹理属性指针glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);//加载和创建纹理unsigned int textureone, texturetwo;glGenTextures(1, &textureone);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureone);//设置纹理环绕参数glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);//设置纹理过滤参数glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);//加载图像和生成mipmapsint width, height, nrChannels;stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);std::string filePath = R"(..\..\Data\container.jpg)";unsigned char* data = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);if (data) {glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);}else {std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;}stbi_image_free(data);glGenTextures(1, &texturetwo);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturetwo);//设置纹理环绕参数glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);//设置纹理过滤参数glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);//加载图像和生成mipmapsfilePath = R"(..\..\Data\awesomeface.png)";unsigned char* data2 = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);if (data2) {glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data2);glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);}else {std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;}stbi_image_free(data2);ourShader.use();glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "textureone"), 0);//二选一ourShader.setInt("texturetwo", 1);//二选一glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),glm::vec3(2.0f, 5.0f, -15.0f),glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),glm::vec3(-1.7f, 3.0f, -7.5f),glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),glm::vec3(1.5f, 2.0f, -2.5f),glm::vec3(1.5f, 0.2f, -1.5f),glm::vec3(-1.3f, 1.0f, -1.5f)};//5. 循环渲染while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {processInput(window);glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);// renderglClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);//绑定纹理glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureone);glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturetwo);ourShader.setFloat("mixValue", mixValue);ourShader.use();// create transformationsglm::mat4 view = glm::mat4(1.0f);float radius = 10.0f;float camX = sin(glfwGetTime()) * radius;float camZ = cos(glfwGetTime()) * radius;view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(camX, 0.0f, camZ),glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));unsigned int viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "view");glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, &view[0][0]);glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, &projection[0][0]);glBindVertexArray(VAO);for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);float angle = 20.0f * i;model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime() * glm::radians(50.0f), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));unsigned int modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "model");glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);}glfwSwapBuffers(window);glfwPollEvents();}glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);glfwTerminate();return 0;}// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_UP) == GLFW_PRESS) {std::cout << "up" << std::endl;mixValue += 0.001f;if (mixValue >= 1.0f) {mixValue = 1.0f;}}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_DOWN) == GLFW_PRESS){std::cout << "down" << std::endl;mixValue -= 0.001f; // change this value accordingly (might be too slow or too fast based on system hardware)if (mixValue <= 0.0f)mixValue = 0.0f;}std::cout << "mixValue:" << mixValue << std::endl;
}// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and // height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
2. 摄像机自由移动
总的来说，非常有趣，先定义全局变量，用于控制摄像机的参数
glm::vec3 cameraPos = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraFront = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraUp = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);然后监听WSAD，动态改变cameraPos的值
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_UP) == GLFW_PRESS) {std::cout << "up" << std::endl;mixValue += 0.001f;if (mixValue >= 1.0f) {mixValue = 1.0f;}}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_DOWN) == GLFW_PRESS){std::cout << "down" << std::endl;mixValue -= 0.001f; // change this value accordingly (might be too slow or too fast based on system hardware)if (mixValue <= 0.0f)mixValue = 0.0f;}/*std::cout << "mixValue:" << mixValue << std::endl;*/float cameraSpeed = 0.05f;if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS) {cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS) {cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS) {cameraPos -= glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS) {cameraPos += glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;}std::cout << "cameraPos:" << cameraPos.x <<" ," << cameraPos.y << " ," << cameraPos.z << std::endl;
}3. 摄像机移动速度
图形程序和游戏通常会跟踪一个时间差(Deltatime)变量，它储存了渲染上一帧所用的时间。我们把所有速度都去乘以deltaTime值。结果就是，如果我们的deltaTime很大，就意味着上一帧的渲染花费了更多时间，所以这一帧的速度需要变得更高来平衡渲染所花去的时间。使用这种方法时，无论你的电脑快还是慢，摄像机的速度都会相应平衡，这样每个用户的体验就都一样了。
主要就是给float cameraSpeed = 2.5f * deltaTime;
比如电脑A一次绘制需要2秒，电脑B一次绘制需要1秒
那么4秒，他们分别位移多少。
A:2.5*2*(4/2)=10
B:2.5*1*(4/1)=10
巧妙的解决的不同配置的问题
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>#include <iostream>
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <cmath>
#include "shader.h"#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;float mixValue = 0.2f;glm::vec3 cameraPos = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraFront = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraUp = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;int main() {//1.初始化配置glfwInit();glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);#ifdef __APPLE__glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GLFW_TRUE);
#endif // __APPLE__//2.gltf 窗口创建GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LeranOpenGL", NULL, NULL);if (window == NULL) {std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;glfwTerminate();return -1;}glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);//3. 加载所有GL函数指针if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;return -1;}Shader ourShader("./texture.vs", "./texture.fs");//4. 设置顶点数据float vertices[] = {-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f};unsigned int indices[] = {0, 1, 3, // first triangle1, 2, 3 // second triangle};unsigned int VBO, VAO, EBO;glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);//元素缓冲对象：Element Buffer Object，EBO glBindVertexArray(VAO);//复制顶点数组到缓冲区中供opengl使用glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);//设置顶点属性指针glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);//设置纹理属性指针glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);//加载和创建纹理unsigned int textureone, texturetwo;glGenTextures(1, &textureone);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureone);//设置纹理环绕参数glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);//设置纹理过滤参数glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);//加载图像和生成mipmapsint width, height, nrChannels;stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);std::string filePath = R"(..\..\Data\container.jpg)";unsigned char* data = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);if (data) {glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);}else {std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;}stbi_image_free(data);glGenTextures(1, &texturetwo);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturetwo);//设置纹理环绕参数glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);//设置纹理过滤参数glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);//加载图像和生成mipmapsfilePath = R"(..\..\Data\awesomeface.png)";unsigned char* data2 = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);if (data2) {glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data2);glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);}else {std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;}stbi_image_free(data2);ourShader.use();glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "textureone"), 0);//二选一ourShader.setInt("texturetwo", 1);//二选一glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),glm::vec3(2.0f, 5.0f, -15.0f),glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),glm::vec3(-1.7f, 3.0f, -7.5f),glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),glm::vec3(1.5f, 2.0f, -2.5f),glm::vec3(1.5f, 0.2f, -1.5f),glm::vec3(-1.3f, 1.0f, -1.5f)};//5. 循环渲染while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {processInput(window);glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);// renderglClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);//绑定纹理glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureone);glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturetwo);ourShader.setFloat("mixValue", mixValue);ourShader.use();//计算deltaTimefloat currentFrame = glfwGetTime();deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;lastFrame = currentFrame;// create transformationsglm::mat4 view = glm::mat4(1.0f);view = glm::lookAt(cameraPos, cameraPos + cameraFront, cameraUp);unsigned int viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "view");glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, &view[0][0]);glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, &projection[0][0]);glBindVertexArray(VAO);for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);float angle = 20.0f * i;model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime() * glm::radians(50.0f), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));unsigned int modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "model");glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);}glfwSwapBuffers(window);glfwPollEvents();}glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);glfwTerminate();return 0;}// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_UP) == GLFW_PRESS) {std::cout << "up" << std::endl;mixValue += 0.001f;if (mixValue >= 1.0f) {mixValue = 1.0f;}}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_DOWN) == GLFW_PRESS){std::cout << "down" << std::endl;mixValue -= 0.001f; // change this value accordingly (might be too slow or too fast based on system hardware)if (mixValue <= 0.0f)mixValue = 0.0f;}/*std::cout << "mixValue:" << mixValue << std::endl;*/float cameraSpeed = 2.5f*deltaTime;if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS) {cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS) {cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS) {cameraPos -= glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS) {cameraPos += glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;}std::cout << "cameraPos:" << cameraPos.x <<" ," << cameraPos.y << " ," << cameraPos.z << std::endl;
}// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and // height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}4. 鼠标输入事件
集成了WASD移动，鼠标视野变化，鼠标滚轮拉近拉远
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>#include <iostream>
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <cmath>
#include "shader.h"#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 1800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 1200;float mixValue = 0.2f;glm::vec3 cameraPos = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraFront = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraUp = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;float lastX = SCR_WIDTH/2, lastY = SCR_HEIGHT/2;
float yaw = -90.0f;
float pitch = 0.0f;float fov = 20.0f;int main() {//1.初始化配置glfwInit();glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);#ifdef __APPLE__glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GLFW_TRUE);
#endif // __APPLE__//2.gltf 窗口创建GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LeranOpenGL", NULL, NULL);if (window == NULL) {std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;glfwTerminate();return -1;}glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);//3. 加载所有GL函数指针if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;return -1;}Shader ourShader("./texture.vs", "./texture.fs");//4. 设置顶点数据float vertices[] = {-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f};unsigned int indices[] = {0, 1, 3, // first triangle1, 2, 3 // second triangle};unsigned int VBO, VAO, EBO;glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);//元素缓冲对象：Element Buffer Object，EBO glBindVertexArray(VAO);//复制顶点数组到缓冲区中供opengl使用glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);//设置顶点属性指针glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);//设置纹理属性指针glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);//加载和创建纹理unsigned int textureone, texturetwo;glGenTextures(1, &textureone);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureone);//设置纹理环绕参数glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);//设置纹理过滤参数glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);//加载图像和生成mipmapsint width, height, nrChannels;stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);std::string filePath = R"(..\..\Data\container.jpg)";unsigned char* data = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);if (data) {glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);}else {std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;}stbi_image_free(data);glGenTextures(1, &texturetwo);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturetwo);//设置纹理环绕参数glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);//设置纹理过滤参数glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);//加载图像和生成mipmapsfilePath = R"(..\..\Data\awesomeface.png)";unsigned char* data2 = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);if (data2) {glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data2);glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);}else {std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;}stbi_image_free(data2);ourShader.use();glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "textureone"), 0);//二选一ourShader.setInt("texturetwo", 1);//二选一glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),glm::vec3(2.0f, 5.0f, -15.0f),glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),glm::vec3(-1.7f, 3.0f, -7.5f),glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),glm::vec3(1.5f, 2.0f, -2.5f),glm::vec3(1.5f, 0.2f, -1.5f),glm::vec3(-1.3f, 1.0f, -1.5f)};glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);//5. 循环渲染while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {processInput(window);glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);// renderglClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);//绑定纹理glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureone);glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturetwo);ourShader.setFloat("mixValue", mixValue);ourShader.use();//计算deltaTimefloat currentFrame = glfwGetTime();deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;lastFrame = currentFrame;//计算俯仰角和偏航角glm::vec3 front;front.x = cos(glm::radians(pitch)) * cos(glm::radians(yaw));front.y = sin(glm::radians(pitch));front.z = cos(glm::radians(pitch)) * sin(glm::radians(yaw));cameraFront = glm::normalize(front);// create transformationsglm::mat4 view = glm::mat4(1.0f);view = glm::lookAt(cameraPos, cameraPos + cameraFront, cameraUp);unsigned int viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "view");glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, &view[0][0]);glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(fov), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, &projection[0][0]);glBindVertexArray(VAO);for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);float angle = 20.0f * i;model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime() * glm::radians(50.0f), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));unsigned int modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "model");glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);}glfwSwapBuffers(window);glfwPollEvents();}glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);glfwTerminate();return 0;}void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos) {float xoffset = xpos - lastX;float yoffset = lastY - ypos;lastX = xpos;lastY = ypos;float sensitivity = 0.05f;xoffset *= sensitivity;yoffset *= sensitivity;yaw += xoffset;pitch += yoffset;if (pitch > 89.0f) {pitch = 89.0f;}if (pitch < -89.0f) {pitch = -89.0f;}
}void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset) {if (fov >= 1.0f && fov <= 45.0f) {fov -= yoffset;}if (fov <= 1.0f) {fov = 1.0f;}if (fov >= 45.0f) {fov = 45.0f;}
}// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_UP) == GLFW_PRESS) {std::cout << "up" << std::endl;mixValue += 0.001f;if (mixValue >= 1.0f) {mixValue = 1.0f;}}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_DOWN) == GLFW_PRESS){std::cout << "down" << std::endl;mixValue -= 0.001f; // change this value accordingly (might be too slow or too fast based on system hardware)if (mixValue <= 0.0f)mixValue = 0.0f;}/*std::cout << "mixValue:" << mixValue << std::endl;*/float cameraSpeed = 2.5f * deltaTime;if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS) {cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS) {cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS) {cameraPos -= glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;}if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS) {cameraPos += glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;}std::cout << "cameraPos:" << cameraPos.x << " ," << cameraPos.y << " ," << cameraPos.z << std::endl;
}// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and // height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}5. 构建摄像机类
camera.h
#ifndef CAMERA_H
#define CAMERA_H#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>#include <vector>// Defines several possible options for camera movement. Used as abstraction to stay away from window-system specific input methods
enum Camera_Movement {FORWARD,BACKWARD,LEFT,RIGHT
};// Default camera values
const float YAW = -90.0f;
const float PITCH = 0.0f;
const float SPEED = 2.5f;
const float SENSITIVITY = 0.1f;
const float ZOOM = 45.0f;// An abstract camera class that processes input and calculates the corresponding Euler Angles, Vectors and Matrices for use in OpenGL
class Camera
{
public:// camera Attributesglm::vec3 Position;glm::vec3 Front;glm::vec3 Up;glm::vec3 Right;glm::vec3 WorldUp;// euler Anglesfloat Yaw;float Pitch;// camera optionsfloat MovementSpeed;float MouseSensitivity;float Zoom;// constructor with vectorsCamera(glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3 up = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f), float yaw = YAW, float pitch = PITCH) : Front(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f)), MovementSpeed(SPEED), MouseSensitivity(SENSITIVITY), Zoom(ZOOM){Position = position;WorldUp = up;Yaw = yaw;Pitch = pitch;updateCameraVectors();}// constructor with scalar valuesCamera(float posX, float posY, float posZ, float upX, float upY, float upZ, float yaw, float pitch) : Front(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f)), MovementSpeed(SPEED), MouseSensitivity(SENSITIVITY), Zoom(ZOOM){Position = glm::vec3(posX, posY, posZ);WorldUp = glm::vec3(upX, upY, upZ);Yaw = yaw;Pitch = pitch;updateCameraVectors();}// returns the view matrix calculated using Euler Angles and the LookAt Matrixglm::mat4 GetViewMatrix(){return glm::lookAt(Position, Position + Front, Up);}// processes input received from any keyboard-like input system. Accepts input parameter in the form of camera defined ENUM (to abstract it from windowing systems)void ProcessKeyboard(Camera_Movement direction, float deltaTime){float velocity = MovementSpeed * deltaTime;if (direction == FORWARD)Position += Front * velocity;if (direction == BACKWARD)Position -= Front * velocity;if (direction == LEFT)Position -= Right * velocity;if (direction == RIGHT)Position += Right * velocity;}// processes input received from a mouse input system. Expects the offset value in both the x and y direction.void ProcessMouseMovement(float xoffset, float yoffset, GLboolean constrainPitch = true){xoffset *= MouseSensitivity;yoffset *= MouseSensitivity;Yaw += xoffset;Pitch += yoffset;// make sure that when pitch is out of bounds, screen doesn't get flippedif (constrainPitch){if (Pitch > 89.0f)Pitch = 89.0f;if (Pitch < -89.0f)Pitch = -89.0f;}// update Front, Right and Up Vectors using the updated Euler anglesupdateCameraVectors();}// processes input received from a mouse scroll-wheel event. Only requires input on the vertical wheel-axisvoid ProcessMouseScroll(float yoffset){Zoom -= (float)yoffset;if (Zoom < 1.0f)Zoom = 1.0f;if (Zoom > 45.0f)Zoom = 45.0f;}private:// calculates the front vector from the Camera's (updated) Euler Anglesvoid updateCameraVectors(){// calculate the new Front vectorglm::vec3 front;front.x = cos(glm::radians(Yaw)) * cos(glm::radians(Pitch));front.y = sin(glm::radians(Pitch));front.z = sin(glm::radians(Yaw)) * cos(glm::radians(Pitch));Front = glm::normalize(front);// also re-calculate the Right and Up vectorRight = glm::normalize(glm::cross(Front, WorldUp)); // normalize the vectors, because their length gets closer to 0 the more you look up or down which results in slower movement.Up = glm::normalize(glm::cross(Right, Front));}
};
#endifshader.h
#ifndef SHADER_H
#define SHADER_H#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>#include <string>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>class Shader
{
public:unsigned int ID;// constructor generates the shader on the fly// ------------------------------------------------------------------------Shader(const char* vertexPath, const char* fragmentPath){// 1. retrieve the vertex/fragment source code from filePathstd::string vertexCode;std::string fragmentCode;std::ifstream vShaderFile;std::ifstream fShaderFile;// ensure ifstream objects can throw exceptions:vShaderFile.exceptions(std::ifstream::failbit | std::ifstream::badbit);fShaderFile.exceptions(std::ifstream::failbit | std::ifstream::badbit);try{// open filesvShaderFile.open(vertexPath);fShaderFile.open(fragmentPath);std::stringstream vShaderStream, fShaderStream;// read file's buffer contents into streamsvShaderStream << vShaderFile.rdbuf();fShaderStream << fShaderFile.rdbuf();// close file handlersvShaderFile.close();fShaderFile.close();// convert stream into stringvertexCode = vShaderStream.str();fragmentCode = fShaderStream.str();}catch (std::ifstream::failure& e){std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FILE_NOT_SUCCESSFULLY_READ: " << e.what() << std::endl;}const char* vShaderCode = vertexCode.c_str();const char* fShaderCode = fragmentCode.c_str();// 2. compile shadersunsigned int vertex, fragment;// vertex shadervertex = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);glShaderSource(vertex, 1, &vShaderCode, NULL);glCompileShader(vertex);checkCompileErrors(vertex, "VERTEX");// fragment Shaderfragment = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);glShaderSource(fragment, 1, &fShaderCode, NULL);glCompileShader(fragment);checkCompileErrors(fragment, "FRAGMENT");// shader ProgramID = glCreateProgram();glAttachShader(ID, vertex);glAttachShader(ID, fragment);glLinkProgram(ID);checkCompileErrors(ID, "PROGRAM");// delete the shaders as they're linked into our program now and no longer necessaryglDeleteShader(vertex);glDeleteShader(fragment);}// activate the shader// ------------------------------------------------------------------------void use() const{glUseProgram(ID);}// utility uniform functions// ------------------------------------------------------------------------void setBool(const std::string& name, bool value) const{glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), (int)value);}// ------------------------------------------------------------------------void setInt(const std::string& name, int value) const{glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), value);}// ------------------------------------------------------------------------void setFloat(const std::string& name, float value) const{glUniform1f(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), value);}// ------------------------------------------------------------------------void setVec2(const std::string& name, const glm::vec2& value) const{glUniform2fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, &value[0]);}void setVec2(const std::string& name, float x, float y) const{glUniform2f(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), x, y);}// ------------------------------------------------------------------------void setVec3(const std::string& name, const glm::vec3& value) const{glUniform3fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, &value[0]);}void setVec3(const std::string& name, float x, float y, float z) const{glUniform3f(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), x, y, z);}// ------------------------------------------------------------------------void setVec4(const std::string& name, const glm::vec4& value) const{glUniform4fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, &value[0]);}void setVec4(const std::string& name, float x, float y, float z, float w) const{glUniform4f(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), x, y, z, w);}// ------------------------------------------------------------------------void setMat2(const std::string& name, const glm::mat2& mat) const{glUniformMatrix2fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, GL_FALSE, &mat[0][0]);}// ------------------------------------------------------------------------void setMat3(const std::string& name, const glm::mat3& mat) const{glUniformMatrix3fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, GL_FALSE, &mat[0][0]);}// ------------------------------------------------------------------------void setMat4(const std::string& name, const glm::mat4& mat) const{glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, GL_FALSE, &mat[0][0]);}private:// utility function for checking shader compilation/linking errors.// ------------------------------------------------------------------------void checkCompileErrors(GLuint shader, std::string type){GLint success;GLchar infoLog[1024];if (type != "PROGRAM"){glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);if (!success){glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, 1024, NULL, infoLog);std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER_COMPILATION_ERROR of type: " << type << "\n" << infoLog << "\n -- --------------------------------------------------- -- " << std::endl;}}else{glGetProgramiv(shader, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);if (!success){glGetProgramInfoLog(shader, 1024, NULL, infoLog);std::cout << "ERROR::PROGRAM_LINKING_ERROR of type: " << type << "\n" << infoLog << "\n -- --------------------------------------------------- -- " << std::endl;}}}
};
#endif#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;in vec3 ourColor;
in vec2 TexCoord;uniform float mixValue;//texture sampler
uniform sampler2D texture0;
uniform sampler2D texture1;void main()
{FragColor = mix(texture(texture0,TexCoord),texture(texture1,TexCoord),mixValue);
}#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 aTexCorrd;out vec2 TexCoord;uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;void main()
{gl_Position=projection*view*model*vec4(aPos,1.0);TexCoord=vec2(aTexCorrd.x,aTexCorrd.y);
}main.cpp
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>#include <iostream>
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <cmath>
#include "shader.h"
#include "camera.h"#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 1800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 1200;//camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;//timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;//不同配置绘制速度不同，所以需要这个属性
float lastFrame = 0.0f;int main() {//glfw:initialize and configure//=============================glfwInit();glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);#ifdef __APPLE__glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif//glfw window creation//=============================GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "Learn", NULL, NULL);if (window == NULL) {std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;glfwTerminate();return -1;}glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);//tell GLFW to capture our mouseglfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);//glad::load all OPenGL function pointers//=============================if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;return -1;}//configure gloabl opengl state//=============================glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);//build and compile our shader zprogram//=============================Shader ourShader("./texture.vs", "./texture.fs");//set up vertex data float vertices[] = {-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f};// world space positions of our cubesglm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),glm::vec3(2.0f, 5.0f, -15.0f),glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),glm::vec3(-1.7f, 3.0f, -7.5f),glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),glm::vec3(1.5f, 2.0f, -2.5f),glm::vec3(1.5f, 0.2f, -1.5f),glm::vec3(-1.3f, 1.0f, -1.5f)};unsigned int VBO, VAO;glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);glBindVertexArray(VAO);glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);//position attributeglVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);//texture coord attributeglVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);//load and create a texture//=============================unsigned int texture0, texture1;//texture 0glGenTextures(1, &texture0);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture0);//set the texture wrapping parameters;glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);//set texture filtering parametersglTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);//load image,create texture and generate mipmaps;int width, height, nrChannels;stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);std::string filePath = R"(..\..\Data\container.jpg)";unsigned char* data = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);if (data) {glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);}else {std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;}stbi_image_free(data);//texture 1//=============================glGenTextures(1, &texture1);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);//set the texture wrapping parameters;glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);//set texture filtering parametersglTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);//load image,create texture and generate mipmaps;filePath = R"(..\..\Data\awesomeface.png)";data = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);if (data) {glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);}else {std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;}stbi_image_free(data);ourShader.use();ourShader.setInt("texture0", 0);ourShader.setInt("texture1", 1);//reader loopwhile (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {//per-frame time logicfloat currentFrame = static_cast<float>(glfwGetTime());deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;lastFrame = currentFrame;//inputprocessInput(window);//renderglClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);//bind textures on corresponding texture unitsglActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture0);glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE);glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);//activate shaderourShader.use();//projection matrixglm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);//cameraglm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();ourShader.setMat4("view", view);//render boxesglBindVertexArray(VAO);for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);model = glm::translate(model,cubePositions[i]);float angle = 20.0f * i;model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));ourShader.setMat4("model", model);glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);}glfwSwapBuffers(window);glfwPollEvents();}glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);glfwTerminate();return 0;}
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and // height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xposIn, double yposIn)
{float xpos = static_cast<float>(xposIn);float ypos = static_cast<float>(yposIn);if (firstMouse){lastX = xpos;lastY = ypos;firstMouse = false;}float xoffset = xpos - lastX;float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to toplastX = xpos;lastY = ypos;camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{camera.ProcessMouseScroll(static_cast<float>(yoffset));
}6. 禁止飞行
也就是在x和z上运动
void ProcessKeyboard(Camera_Movement direction, float deltaTime){float velocity = MovementSpeed * deltaTime;if (direction == FORWARD)Position += Front * velocity;if (direction == BACKWARD)Position -= Front * velocity;if (direction == LEFT)Position -= Right * velocity;if (direction == RIGHT)Position += Right * velocity;Position.y = 0.0f;}摄像机 - LearnOpenGL CN (learnopengl-cn.github.io)
