Django类视图

一、今日学习内容概述

学习模块	重要程度	主要内容
类视图基础	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	View类、URLconf配置
通用视图	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	ListView、DetailView等
Mixin机制	⭐⭐⭐⭐	多重继承、功能组合
自定义类视图	⭐⭐⭐⭐	视图定制、方法重写

二、类视图基础

2.1 基本类视图

python"># views.py
from django.views import View
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import renderclass HelloView(View):def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return HttpResponse('Hello, World!')class HomeView(View):template_name = 'home.html'def get(self, request):context = {'title': '首页','message': '欢迎访问'}return render(request, self.template_name, context)def post(self, request):# 处理POST请求data = request.POST.get('data')# 处理数据...return HttpResponse('数据已处理')

2.2 URL配置

python"># urls.py
from django.urls import path
from .views import HelloView, HomeViewurlpatterns = [path('hello/', HelloView.as_view(), name='hello'),path('', HomeView.as_view(), name='home'),
]

三、通用类视图实现

3.1 列表视图和详情视图

python"># models.py
from django.db import modelsclass Article(models.Model):title = models.CharField('标题', max_length=200)content = models.TextField('内容')created_at = models.DateTimeField('创建时间', auto_now_add=True)updated_at = models.DateTimeField('更新时间', auto_now=True)author = models.ForeignKey('auth.User', on_delete=models.CASCADE)def __str__(self):return self.title# views.py
from django.views.generic import ListView, DetailView
from .models import Articleclass ArticleListView(ListView):model = Articletemplate_name = 'blog/article_list.html'context_object_name = 'articles'paginate_by = 10def get_queryset(self):queryset = super().get_queryset()return queryset.select_related('author')def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)context['total_articles'] = self.get_queryset().count()return contextclass ArticleDetailView(DetailView):model = Articletemplate_name = 'blog/article_detail.html'context_object_name = 'article'def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)# 添加相关文章context['related_articles'] = Article.objects.filter(author=self.object.author).exclude(id=self.object.id)[:5]return context

3.2 创建和编辑视图

python">from django.views.generic.edit import CreateView, UpdateView, DeleteView
from django.contrib.auth.mixins import LoginRequiredMixin
from django.urls import reverse_lazyclass ArticleCreateView(LoginRequiredMixin, CreateView):model = Articletemplate_name = 'blog/article_form.html'fields = ['title', 'content']success_url = reverse_lazy('article_list')def form_valid(self, form):form.instance.author = self.request.userreturn super().form_valid(form)class ArticleUpdateView(LoginRequiredMixin, UpdateView):model = Articletemplate_name = 'blog/article_form.html'fields = ['title', 'content']def get_queryset(self):# 只允许作者编辑自己的文章return super().get_queryset().filter(author=self.request.user)def get_success_url(self):return reverse_lazy('article_detail', kwargs={'pk': self.object.pk})class ArticleDeleteView(LoginRequiredMixin, DeleteView):model = Articletemplate_name = 'blog/article_confirm_delete.html'success_url = reverse_lazy('article_list')

四、Mixin机制实现

python"># mixins.py
from django.contrib import messages
from django.shortcuts import redirectclass AuthorRequiredMixin:"""确保只有作者可以编辑内容"""def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):obj = self.get_object()if obj.author != request.user:messages.error(request, '您没有权限执行此操作')return redirect('article_list')return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)class TitleSearchMixin:"""添加标题搜索功能"""def get_queryset(self):queryset = super().get_queryset()search_query = self.request.GET.get('search')if search_query:queryset = queryset.filter(title__icontains=search_query)return querysetdef get_context_data(self, **kwargs):context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)context['search_query'] = self.request.GET.get('search', '')return context# 使用Mixin
class ArticleListView(TitleSearchMixin, ListView):model = Articletemplate_name = 'blog/article_list.html'context_object_name = 'articles'paginate_by = 10class ArticleUpdateView(LoginRequiredMixin, AuthorRequiredMixin, UpdateView):model = Articletemplate_name = 'blog/article_form.html'fields = ['title', 'content']

五、类视图流程图

六、高级类视图示例

6.1 自定义视图组合

python">from django.views.generic import TemplateView
from django.views.generic.dates import (YearArchiveView,MonthArchiveView,DayArchiveView
)class ArticleArchiveView(TemplateView):template_name = 'blog/article_archive.html'def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)context['years'] = Article.objects.dates('created_at', 'year', order='DESC')return contextclass ArticleYearArchiveView(YearArchiveView):model = Articledate_field = 'created_at'make_object_list = Truetemplate_name = 'blog/article_archive_year.html'class ArticleMonthArchiveView(MonthArchiveView):model = Articledate_field = 'created_at'template_name = 'blog/article_archive_month.html'

6.2 表单处理视图

python">from django.views.generic.edit import FormView
from django import formsclass ContactForm(forms.Form):name = forms.CharField(max_length=100)email = forms.EmailField()message = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)class ContactView(FormView):template_name = 'contact.html'form_class = ContactFormsuccess_url = '/thanks/'def form_valid(self, form):# 发送邮件name = form.cleaned_data['name']email = form.cleaned_data['email']message = form.cleaned_data['message']# 处理表单数据...messages.success(self.request, '消息已发送')return super().form_valid(form)

七、类视图最佳实践

1. 视图分组和组织

python"># views/__init__.py
from .article import ArticleListView, ArticleDetailView
from .archive import ArticleArchiveView
from .contact import ContactView# views/article.py
class ArticleViews:"""文章相关视图"""# views/archive.py
class ArchiveViews:"""归档相关视图"""

2. 通用功能抽象

python">class BaseView(View):"""基础视图类，包含通用功能"""def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):# 添加通用处理逻辑return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)class BaseCRUDView(BaseView):"""CRUD操作基础视图"""model = Noneform_class = None

3. 权限控制

python">from django.contrib.auth.mixins import (LoginRequiredMixin,PermissionRequiredMixin
)class StaffRequiredMixin(LoginRequiredMixin):"""要求用户是员工"""def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):if not request.user.is_staff:messages.error(request, '需要员工权限')return redirect('home')return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)

八、测试类视图

python">from django.test import TestCase, Client
from django.urls import reverse
from django.contrib.auth.models import Userclass ArticleViewTests(TestCase):def setUp(self):self.client = Client()self.user = User.objects.create_user(username='testuser',password='testpass123')def test_article_list_view(self):response = self.client.get(reverse('article_list'))self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'blog/article_list.html')def test_article_create_view(self):# 未登录用户response = self.client.get(reverse('article_create'))self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # 重定向到登录页# 登录用户self.client.login(username='testuser', password='testpass123')response = self.client.get(reverse('article_create'))self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

通过本章学习，你应该能够：

1. 理解类视图的工作原理
2. 使用Django的通用视图
3. 创建自定义类视图
4. 使用Mixin机制扩展功能

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